Published December 19, 2016 © LGPL
A $4, 4 x IC, Z80 Homemade Computer on Breadboard

No iron, no cry! Simply wire it to build a mini 4MHz Z80 64kB RAM system with a Basic interpreter as an educational technological puzzle!
IntermediateFull instructions providedOver 2 days3,183
A $4, 4 x IC, Z80 Homemade Computer on Breadboard
Things used in this project

Hardware components

Z80 CPU CMOS (Z84C00) 4Mhz or greater
Atmega32A
TC551001-70
74HC00
Others (see schematic)
Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE
Story

Description

This is the Z80-MBC (Mobile Breadboard Computer), a mini 4MHz Z80 64kB RAM system with a Basic interpreter and that can be easily expanded. It has an "Arduino heart" using an Atmega32A as an "universal" I/O emulator. And can be used and powered with a tablet or smart phone too.
Details

During some surfing on Ebay I realized that with 4$ it is possible to buy enough ICs to build a complete Z80 system that can be done using a breadboard. So I did it and here it is the story!
Here is a video with the Z80-MBC in action:
And here with a smart phone (so it is explained the word "Mobile" in his name) with a common OTG cable (the various test clips in this video were used for some measurements with a Logic Analyzer):
The needed ICs are:

Z80 CPU CMOS (Z84C00) 4Mhz or greater $1.16
Atmega32A $1.70
TC551001-70 (128kB RAM) $1.10
74HC00 $0.25
Total cost: $4.21
The wires were taken from salvaged broken LAN cables, and the other components were salvaged from other unused breadboards.
The schematic is attached in the Files section. The MCU Atmega32A is used as universal I/O subsystem, as Eeprom, and as reset and 4MHz clock generator for the Z80 CPU. Into the Atmega32A it is flashed an Arduino bootloader taken from here, and it is possible to use the Board Manager of the Arduino IDE for that.
Flash the Arduino bootloader at first (with the method you prefer), next you can start to build the whole thing!
Of course I used the Arduino IDE to develop the I/O Subsytem that interacts with the Z80 bus and "virtualizes" the peripherals seen by the Z80 CPU. As oscillator the internal 8MHz Atmega32A oscillator is used, so no quartz is needed, and from this one is derived the 4MHz clock for the Z80 CPU (so the "Internal 8MHZ osc. " bootloader variant must be chosen when flashing the bootloader from the Arduino IDE!).
The 74HC00 is mainly used as RS flipflop to stop the Z80 CPU during I/O operation, giving the needed time to the Atmega32A to interact with the Z80 bus. The 128kB RAM TC551001 is used only for half (64kB) because the Z80 address space is only 64kB (I've chosen this IC for the low cost). Note that only the CMOS version of the Z80 CPU can be used here. This because only CMOS version, under given condition that are respected in this schematic, has logical levels compatibles with Atmega32A and 74HC00.
Notes about the components:

You can use any Z80 CMOS speed grade, because the lowest is 4MHz. The Atmega32A can be substituted with an Atmega16A, I've chosen the first one just to have enough space for future upgrades. The 74HC00 can be substituted with a 74HCT00 if you already have one. The RAM chip TC551001-70 can be substituted with any suitable 64kB RAM (do not use < 64kB RAM). The USER LED (D5 in the schematic) MUST be blue or white just to be sure that V (forward) is >= 3V.
Here is a video that shows a simple basic program that interacts with the "USER LED" and "USER key":
On the breadboard there are others status LED's: the HALT led turns on if an HALT instruction is executed and the Z80 CPU is in a Halt state, the DMA led turns on during DMA operations when the Z80 bus is in Hi-Z, the IO_OP LED turns on when the Z80 CPU is accessing a I/O virtual device "emulated" by the Atmega32A (as the serial port), the LED_D0 LED is the classical "Arduino" LED (that one connected to D13 pin on the Arduino Uno) that here is connected with the Arduino D0 pin and is turned on normally as a power on indicator.
The serial port SERIAL-USB (see schematic) can be connected with a TTL-RS232 adapter, or with a serial-USB adapter. I've used a serial-USB adapter that acts also as power source for the Z80-MBC, and has the DTR signal for the "autoreset" driven from the Arduino IDE. For a terminal that has a serial TTL port no adapter is needed.
In the schematic there is also the IOEXP port to expand the I/O capabilities, i.e. adding GPIO ports or a RTC for future expansions.
Software overview

I've "ported" the Basic interpreter to the Z80-MBC using the sources provided in the great Grant Searle site, after the needed modification due the different HW design. In the Grant's site is requested an acknowledgement.
A041116 schematic.pdf: Z80-MBC schematic
S221116_Z80_Breadboard.ino: The sketch for the Atmega32A
Code

S221116_Z80_Breadboard.ino
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

S221116 - HW ref: A041116

IOS - I/O Subsystem - for Z80-MBC (Mobile Breadboard Computer)
(Z80 64kB RAM @ 4Mhz)



Notes:

1:  This SW is ONLY for the Atmega32A used as EEPROM and I/O subsystem (8MHz internal oscillator).
    
2:  Tested on ATmega16A/Atmega32A @ Arduino IDE 1.6.5.

3:  Embedded FW: S091116 Loader, S121216 uBIOS + Basic

4:  Utilities: S111216 TASM conversion utility (S111216.c)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */


// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Hardware definitions (see A041116 schematic)
//
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#define   D0          24  // PA0 pin 40   Z80 data bus
#define   D1          25  // PA1 pin 39
#define   D2          26  // PA2 pin 38
#define   D3          27  // PA3 pin 37
#define   D4          28  // PA4 pin 36
#define   D5          29  // PA5 pin 35
#define   D6          30  // PA6 pin 34
#define   D7          31  // PA7 pin 33

#define   AD0         18  // PC2 pin 24   Z80 address bus (AD0-AD8 = A0-A8 on A04113 schematic)
#define   AD1         19  // PC3 pin 25
#define   AD2         20  // PC4 pin 26
#define   AD3         21  // PC5 pin 27
#define   AD4         22  // PC6 pin 28
#define   AD5         23  // PC7 pin 29
#define   AD6         10  // PD2 pin 16
#define   AD7         11  // PD3 pin 17
#define   AD8         12  // PD4 pin 18

#define   INT_         1  // PB1 pin 2    Z80 control bus
#define   BUSACK_      2  // PB2 pin 3
#define   WAIT_        3  // PB3 pin 4
#define   WR_          4  // PB4 pin 5
#define   RD_          5  // PB5 pin 6
#define   MREQ_        6  // PB6 pin 7
#define   RESET_       7  // PB7 pin 8
#define   BUSREQ_     14  // PD6 pin 20
#define   CLK         15  // PD7 pin 21

#define   SCL_PC0     16  // PC0 pin 22   IOEXP connector
#define   SDA_PC1     17  // PC1 pin 23

#define   LED_D0       0  // PB0 pin 1    Led LED_0 ON if HIGH
#define   WAIT_RES_    0  // PB0 pin 1    Internal control line
#define   USER        13  // PD5 pin 19   Led USER and key

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Libraries
//
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>                 // needed for PROGMEM

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Constants
//
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const byte  debugLev          = 0;      // Set the level of debug (0 = no debug, 1 = only phase 1 boot, 
                                        // 2 = 1 + phase 2 boot + runtime I/O)
                                        
const word  bootPhase1StrAddr = 0x0000; // Phase 1 payload image starting address
const byte  bootPhase1[] PROGMEM = {    // Phase 1 payload image (S091116 Loader) 
  0xC3, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x21, 0x15, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x01, 0x24, 0x00, 
  0xED, 0xB0, 0xC3, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xED, 0x5B, 0x05, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x03, 0x00, 0xDD, 0x2A, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x0E, 0x02, 0x06, 0x00, 0x7A, 0xB7, 0xCA, 0x1A, 0xFC, 0xED, 0xB2, 0x3D, 0xC3, 0x11, 0xFC, 0x7B, 
  0xB7, 0xCA, 0x22, 0xFC, 0x43, 0xED, 0xB2, 0xDD, 0xE9
  }; 

const word  bootPhase2StrAddr = 0x0000; // Phase 2 payload image starting address
const byte  bootPhase2[] PROGMEM = {    // Phase 2 payload image (S121216 uBIOS + Basic)
  0xF3, 0xC3, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x91, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0xC3, 0x6A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x96, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0xF5, 0xE5, 0xDB, 0x01, 0xF5, 0x3A, 
  0x43, 0x20, 0xFE, 0x3F, 0x20, 0x03, 0xF1, 0x18, 0x1C, 0x2A, 0x3F, 0x20, 0x23, 0x7D, 0xFE, 0x3F, 
  0x20, 0x03, 0x21, 0x00, 0x20, 0x22, 0x3F, 0x20, 0xF1, 0x77, 0x3A, 0x43, 0x20, 0x3C, 0x32, 0x43, 
  0x20, 0xFE, 0x30, 0x38, 0x00, 0xE1, 0xF1, 0xFB, 0xED, 0x4D, 0x3A, 0x43, 0x20, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x28, 
  0xF9, 0xE5, 0x2A, 0x41, 0x20, 0x23, 0x7D, 0xFE, 0x3F, 0x20, 0x03, 0x21, 0x00, 0x20, 0xF3, 0x22, 
  0x41, 0x20, 0x3A, 0x43, 0x20, 0x3D, 0x32, 0x43, 0x20, 0xFE, 0x05, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7E, 0xFB, 0xE1, 
  0xC9, 0xF5, 0xF1, 0xD3, 0x01, 0xC9, 0x3A, 0x43, 0x20, 0xFE, 0x00, 0xC9, 0x7E, 0xB7, 0xC8, 0xCF, 
  0x23, 0x18, 0xF9, 0xC9, 0x21, 0xED, 0x20, 0xF9, 0x21, 0x00, 0x20, 0x22, 0x3F, 0x20, 0x22, 0x41, 
  0x20, 0xAF, 0x32, 0x43, 0x20, 0xED, 0x56, 0xFB, 0x21, 0xF1, 0x00, 0xCD, 0x9C, 0x00, 0x3A, 0x44, 
  0x20, 0xFE, 0x59, 0x20, 0x16, 0x21, 0x2A, 0x01, 0xCD, 0x9C, 0x00, 0xCD, 0x6A, 0x00, 0xE6, 0xDF, 
  0xFE, 0x43, 0x20, 0x0F, 0xCF, 0x3E, 0x0D, 0xCF, 0x3E, 0x0A, 0xCF, 0x3E, 0x59, 0x32, 0x44, 0x20, 
  0xC3, 0x50, 0x01, 0xFE, 0x57, 0x20, 0xE4, 0xCF, 0x3E, 0x0D, 0xCF, 0x3E, 0x0A, 0xCF, 0xC3, 0x53, 
  0x01, 0x75, 0x42, 0x49, 0x4F, 0x53, 0x20, 0x2D, 0x20, 0x53, 0x31, 0x32, 0x31, 0x32, 0x31, 0x36, 
  0x20, 0x28, 0x41, 0x64, 0x61, 0x70, 0x74, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x66, 0x72, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x20, 0x5A, 
  0x38, 0x30, 0x20, 0x53, 0x42, 0x43, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x47, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6E, 0x74, 0x20, 
  0x53, 0x65, 0x61, 0x72, 0x6C, 0x65, 0x29, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x75, 0x42, 0x49, 0x4F, 
  0x53, 0x3A, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x64, 0x20, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x20, 0x77, 0x61, 0x72, 0x6D, 0x20, 
  0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x72, 0x74, 0x20, 0x28, 0x43, 0x2F, 0x57, 0x29, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0xC3, 0x56, 0x01, 0xC3, 0xF4, 0x01, 0xDD, 0x21, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x61, 0x01, 0x07, 0x0A, 0x7D, 
  0x11, 0x21, 0x45, 0x20, 0xF9, 0xC3, 0x9C, 0x1D, 0x11, 0x2E, 0x04, 0x06, 0x63, 0x21, 0x45, 0x20, 
  0x1A, 0x77, 0x23, 0x13, 0x05, 0xC2, 0x70, 0x01, 0xF9, 0xCD, 0x2F, 0x06, 0xCD, 0xFD, 0x0B, 0x32, 
  0xEF, 0x20, 0x32, 0x3E, 0x21, 0x21, 0x43, 0x02, 0xCD, 0x9B, 0x12, 0xCD, 0x4C, 0x06, 0xCD, 0x55, 
  0x09, 0xB7, 0xC2, 0xAA, 0x01, 0x21, 0xA2, 0x21, 0x23, 0x7C, 0xB5, 0xCA, 0xBC, 0x01, 0x7E, 0x47, 
  0x2F, 0x77, 0xBE, 0x70, 0xCA, 0x98, 0x01, 0xC3, 0xBC, 0x01, 0xCD, 0x21, 0x0A, 0xB7, 0xC2, 0xFD, 
  0x04, 0xEB, 0x2B, 0x3E, 0xD9, 0x46, 0x77, 0xBE, 0x70, 0xC2, 0x85, 0x01, 0x2B, 0x11, 0xA1, 0x21, 
  0xCD, 0xC5, 0x07, 0xDA, 0x85, 0x01, 0x11, 0xCE, 0xFF, 0x22, 0xF4, 0x20, 0x19, 0x22, 0x9F, 0x20, 
  0xCD, 0x0A, 0x06, 0x2A, 0x9F, 0x20, 0x11, 0xEF, 0xFF, 0x19, 0x11, 0x3E, 0x21, 0x7D, 0x93, 0x6F, 
  0x7C, 0x9A, 0x67, 0xE5, 0x21, 0x0C, 0x02, 0xCD, 0x9B, 0x12, 0xE1, 0xCD, 0x3E, 0x19, 0x21, 0xFD, 
  0x01, 0xCD, 0x9B, 0x12, 0x31, 0xAB, 0x20, 0xCD, 0x2F, 0x06, 0xC3, 0x48, 0x05, 0x20, 0x42, 0x79, 
  0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5A, 0x38, 0x30, 0x20, 
  0x42, 0x41, 0x53, 0x49, 0x43, 0x20, 0x56, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x34, 0x2E, 0x37, 0x62, 0x0D, 0x0A, 
  0x43, 0x6F, 0x70, 0x79, 0x72, 0x69, 0x67, 0x68, 0x74, 0x20, 0x28, 0x43, 0x29, 0x20, 0x31, 0x39, 
  0x37, 0x38, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x4D, 0x69, 0x63, 0x72, 0x6F, 0x73, 0x6F, 0x66, 0x74, 0x0D, 
  0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4D, 0x65, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x79, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6F, 0x70, 0x00, 0xB3, 0x17, 
  0x77, 0x18, 0xC9, 0x17, 0x48, 0x20, 0x5B, 0x11, 0xE0, 0x14, 0x89, 0x11, 0x3D, 0x1A, 0x1C, 0x1B, 
  0x58, 0x16, 0x8B, 0x1A, 0x91, 0x1B, 0x97, 0x1B, 0xF8, 0x1B, 0x0D, 0x1C, 0x34, 0x15, 0x78, 0x1C, 
  0x96, 0x20, 0x0D, 0x14, 0x25, 0x12, 0xA7, 0x14, 0x1C, 0x14, 0x2D, 0x14, 0x9A, 0x1C, 0x2D, 0x1D, 
  0x3D, 0x14, 0x6D, 0x14, 0x77, 0x14, 0xC5, 0x4E, 0x44, 0xC6, 0x4F, 0x52, 0xCE, 0x45, 0x58, 0x54, 
  0xC4, 0x41, 0x54, 0x41, 0xC9, 0x4E, 0x50, 0x55, 0x54, 0xC4, 0x49, 0x4D, 0xD2, 0x45, 0x41, 0x44, 
  0xCC, 0x45, 0x54, 0xC7, 0x4F, 0x54, 0x4F, 0xD2, 0x55, 0x4E, 0xC9, 0x46, 0xD2, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 
  0x4F, 0x52, 0x45, 0xC7, 0x4F, 0x53, 0x55, 0x42, 0xD2, 0x45, 0x54, 0x55, 0x52, 0x4E, 0xD2, 0x45, 
  0x4D, 0xD3, 0x54, 0x4F, 0x50, 0xCF, 0x55, 0x54, 0xCF, 0x4E, 0xCE, 0x55, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0xD7, 0x41, 
  0x49, 0x54, 0xC4, 0x45, 0x46, 0xD0, 0x4F, 0x4B, 0x45, 0xC4, 0x4F, 0x4B, 0x45, 0xD3, 0x43, 0x52, 
  0x45, 0x45, 0x4E, 0xCC, 0x49, 0x4E, 0x45, 0x53, 0xC3, 0x4C, 0x53, 0xD7, 0x49, 0x44, 0x54, 0x48, 
  0xCD, 0x4F, 0x4E, 0x49, 0x54, 0x4F, 0x52, 0xD3, 0x45, 0x54, 0xD2, 0x45, 0x53, 0x45, 0x54, 0xD0, 
  0x52, 0x49, 0x4E, 0x54, 0xC3, 0x4F, 0x4E, 0x54, 0xCC, 0x49, 0x53, 0x54, 0xC3, 0x4C, 0x45, 0x41, 
  0x52, 0xC3, 0x4C, 0x4F, 0x41, 0x44, 0xC3, 0x53, 0x41, 0x56, 0x45, 0xCE, 0x45, 0x57, 0xD4, 0x41, 
  0x42, 0x28, 0xD4, 0x4F, 0xC6, 0x4E, 0xD3, 0x50, 0x43, 0x28, 0xD4, 0x48, 0x45, 0x4E, 0xCE, 0x4F, 
  0x54, 0xD3, 0x54, 0x45, 0x50, 0xAB, 0xAD, 0xAA, 0xAF, 0xDE, 0xC1, 0x4E, 0x44, 0xCF, 0x52, 0xBE, 
  0xBD, 0xBC, 0xD3, 0x47, 0x4E, 0xC9, 0x4E, 0x54, 0xC1, 0x42, 0x53, 0xD5, 0x53, 0x52, 0xC6, 0x52, 
  0x45, 0xC9, 0x4E, 0x50, 0xD0, 0x4F, 0x53, 0xD3, 0x51, 0x52, 0xD2, 0x4E, 0x44, 0xCC, 0x4F, 0x47, 
  0xC5, 0x58, 0x50, 0xC3, 0x4F, 0x53, 0xD3, 0x49, 0x4E, 0xD4, 0x41, 0x4E, 0xC1, 0x54, 0x4E, 0xD0, 
  0x45, 0x45, 0x4B, 0xC4, 0x45, 0x45, 0x4B, 0xD0, 0x4F, 0x49, 0x4E, 0x54, 0xCC, 0x45, 0x4E, 0xD3, 
  0x54, 0x52, 0x24, 0xD6, 0x41, 0x4C, 0xC1, 0x53, 0x43, 0xC3, 0x48, 0x52, 0x24, 0xC8, 0x45, 0x58, 
  0x24, 0xC2, 0x49, 0x4E, 0x24, 0xCC, 0x45, 0x46, 0x54, 0x24, 0xD2, 0x49, 0x47, 0x48, 0x54, 0x24, 
  0xCD, 0x49, 0x44, 0x24, 0x80, 0x9F, 0x09, 0x9C, 0x08, 0x77, 0x0D, 0xEC, 0x0A, 0x7E, 0x0C, 0xB3, 
  0x0F, 0xAD, 0x0C, 0x03, 0x0B, 0xA9, 0x0A, 0x8C, 0x0A, 0x7B, 0x0B, 0x65, 0x09, 0x98, 0x0A, 0xC7, 
  0x0A, 0xEE, 0x0A, 0x9D, 0x09, 0xEC, 0x14, 0x5D, 0x0B, 0xDE, 0x09, 0xF2, 0x14, 0x91, 0x11, 0x3B, 
  0x15, 0x83, 0x1C, 0xEE, 0x0A, 0x69, 0x1C, 0x5C, 0x1C, 0x61, 0x1C, 0x99, 0x1D, 0x99, 0x20, 0x9C, 
  0x20, 0x9F, 0x0B, 0xCB, 0x09, 0x11, 0x08, 0x46, 0x0A, 0xEE, 0x0A, 0xEE, 0x0A, 0x09, 0x06, 0x79, 
  0x25, 0x19, 0x79, 0x59, 0x15, 0x7C, 0x97, 0x16, 0x7C, 0xF8, 0x16, 0x7F, 0x46, 0x1A, 0x50, 0x0C, 
  0x0F, 0x46, 0x0B, 0x0F, 0x4E, 0x46, 0x53, 0x4E, 0x52, 0x47, 0x4F, 0x44, 0x46, 0x43, 0x4F, 0x56, 
  0x4F, 0x4D, 0x55, 0x4C, 0x42, 0x53, 0x44, 0x44, 0x2F, 0x30, 0x49, 0x44, 0x54, 0x4D, 0x4F, 0x53, 
  0x4C, 0x53, 0x53, 0x54, 0x43, 0x4E, 0x55, 0x46, 0x4D, 0x4F, 0x48, 0x58, 0x42, 0x4E, 0xC3, 0xF4, 
  0x01, 0xC3, 0x1C, 0x0A, 0xD3, 0x00, 0xC9, 0xD6, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x7C, 0xDE, 0x00, 0x67, 0x78, 0xDE, 
  0x00, 0x47, 0x3E, 0x00, 0xC9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x4A, 0xCA, 0x99, 0x39, 0x1C, 0x76, 0x98, 
  0x22, 0x95, 0xB3, 0x98, 0x0A, 0xDD, 0x47, 0x98, 0x53, 0xD1, 0x99, 0x99, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x9F, 0x98, 
  0x65, 0xBC, 0xCD, 0x98, 0xD6, 0x77, 0x3E, 0x98, 0x52, 0xC7, 0x4F, 0x80, 0xDB, 0x00, 0xC9, 0x01, 
  0xFF, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x42, 0x07, 0xC3, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x00, 0x00, 0xA2, 0x21, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0x3F, 0x21, 0x20, 0x45, 
  0x72, 0x72, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x00, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x20, 0x00, 0x4F, 0x6B, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x42, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x6B, 0x00, 0x21, 0x04, 0x00, 0x39, 0x7E, 0x23, 0xFE, 0x81, 0xC0, 0x4E, 
  0x23, 0x46, 0x23, 0xE5, 0x69, 0x60, 0x7A, 0xB3, 0xEB, 0xCA, 0xC0, 0x04, 0xEB, 0xCD, 0xC5, 0x07, 
  0x01, 0x0D, 0x00, 0xE1, 0xC8, 0x09, 0xC3, 0xAA, 0x04, 0xCD, 0xE3, 0x04, 0xC5, 0xE3, 0xC1, 0xCD, 
  0xC5, 0x07, 0x7E, 0x02, 0xC8, 0x0B, 0x2B, 0xC3, 0xCF, 0x04, 0xE5, 0x2A, 0x1F, 0x21, 0x06, 0x00, 
  0x09, 0x09, 0x3E, 0xE5, 0x3E, 0xD0, 0x95, 0x6F, 0x3E, 0xFF, 0x9C, 0xDA, 0xF2, 0x04, 0x67, 0x39, 
  0xE1, 0xD8, 0x1E, 0x0C, 0xC3, 0x11, 0x05, 0x2A, 0x0E, 0x21, 0x22, 0xA1, 0x20, 0x1E, 0x02, 0x01, 
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  0x56, 0x1A, 0xB7, 0xCA, 0x00, 0x05, 0xB7, 0xCA, 0xC5, 0x15, 0xD5, 0xC5, 0x79, 0xF6, 0x7F, 0xCD, 
  0xF0, 0x17, 0xF2, 0x73, 0x1A, 0xD5, 0xC5, 0xCD, 0x77, 0x18, 0xC1, 0xD1, 0xF5, 0xCD, 0x1F, 0x18, 
  0xE1, 0x7C, 0x1F, 0xE1, 0x22, 0x2B, 0x21, 0xE1, 0x22, 0x29, 0x21, 0xDC, 0x38, 0x1A, 0xCC, 0xCD, 
  0x17, 0xD5, 0xC5, 0xCD, 0x58, 0x16, 0xC1, 0xD1, 0xCD, 0x99, 0x16, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0x01, 0x38, 
  0x81, 0x11, 0x3B, 0xAA, 0xCD, 0x99, 0x16, 0x3A, 0x2C, 0x21, 0xFE, 0x88, 0xD2, 0x80, 0x17, 0xCD, 
  0x77, 0x18, 0xC6, 0x80, 0xC6, 0x02, 0xDA, 0x80, 0x17, 0xF5, 0x21, 0x47, 0x16, 0xCD, 0x4F, 0x15, 
  0xCD, 0x90, 0x16, 0xF1, 0xC1, 0xD1, 0xF5, 0xCD, 0x5B, 0x15, 0xCD, 0xCD, 0x17, 0x21, 0xCB, 0x1A, 
  0xCD, 0xFB, 0x1A, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x4A, 0xC3, 0x99, 0x16, 0x08, 0x40, 0x2E, 0x94, 0x74, 
  0x70, 0x4F, 0x2E, 0x77, 0x6E, 0x02, 0x88, 0x7A, 0xE6, 0xA0, 0x2A, 0x7C, 0x50, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0x7E, 
  0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x81, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0x11, 
  0x97, 0x16, 0xD5, 0xE5, 0xCD, 0xF0, 0x17, 0xCD, 0x99, 0x16, 0xE1, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0x7E, 0x23, 
  0xCD, 0xE2, 0x17, 0x06, 0xF1, 0xC1, 0xD1, 0x3D, 0xC8, 0xD5, 0xC5, 0xF5, 0xE5, 0xCD, 0x99, 0x16, 
  0xE1, 0xCD, 0xF3, 0x17, 0xE5, 0xCD, 0x5E, 0x15, 0xE1, 0xC3, 0x04, 0x1B, 0xCD, 0xA4, 0x17, 0x21, 
  0x5E, 0x20, 0xFA, 0x7D, 0x1B, 0x21, 0x7F, 0x20, 0xCD, 0xE2, 0x17, 0x21, 0x5E, 0x20, 0xC8, 0x86, 
  0xE6, 0x07, 0x06, 0x00, 0x77, 0x23, 0x87, 0x87, 0x4F, 0x09, 0xCD, 0xF3, 0x17, 0xCD, 0x99, 0x16, 
  0x3A, 0x5D, 0x20, 0x3C, 0xE6, 0x03, 0x06, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x01, 0x88, 0x32, 0x5D, 0x20, 0x21, 0x81, 
  0x1B, 0x87, 0x87, 0x4F, 0x09, 0xCD, 0x4F, 0x15, 0xCD, 0xF0, 0x17, 0x7B, 0x59, 0xEE, 0x4F, 0x4F, 
  0x36, 0x80, 0x2B, 0x46, 0x36, 0x80, 0x21, 0x5C, 0x20, 0x34, 0x7E, 0xD6, 0xAB, 0xC2, 0x74, 0x1B, 
  0x77, 0x0C, 0x15, 0x1C, 0xCD, 0xAF, 0x15, 0x21, 0x7F, 0x20, 0xC3, 0xFC, 0x17, 0x77, 0x2B, 0x77, 
  0x2B, 0x77, 0xC3, 0x58, 0x1B, 0x68, 0xB1, 0x46, 0x68, 0x99, 0xE9, 0x92, 0x69, 0x10, 0xD1, 0x75, 
  0x68, 0x21, 0xDB, 0x1B, 0xCD, 0x4F, 0x15, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0x01, 0x49, 0x83, 0x11, 0xDB, 0x0F, 
  0xCD, 0xE5, 0x17, 0xC1, 0xD1, 0xCD, 0xFA, 0x16, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0xCD, 0x77, 0x18, 0xC1, 0xD1, 
  0xCD, 0x5B, 0x15, 0x21, 0xDF, 0x1B, 0xCD, 0x55, 0x15, 0xCD, 0xA4, 0x17, 0x37, 0xF2, 0xC7, 0x1B, 
  0xCD, 0x4C, 0x15, 0xCD, 0xA4, 0x17, 0xB7, 0xF5, 0xF4, 0xCD, 0x17, 0x21, 0xDF, 0x1B, 0xCD, 0x4F, 
  0x15, 0xF1, 0xD4, 0xCD, 0x17, 0x21, 0xE3, 0x1B, 0xC3, 0xEC, 0x1A, 0xDB, 0x0F, 0x49, 0x81, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x7F, 0x05, 0xBA, 0xD7, 0x1E, 0x86, 0x64, 0x26, 0x99, 0x87, 0x58, 0x34, 0x23, 0x87, 
  0xE0, 0x5D, 0xA5, 0x86, 0xDA, 0x0F, 0x49, 0x83, 0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0xCD, 0x97, 0x1B, 0xC1, 0xE1, 
  0xCD, 0xD5, 0x17, 0xEB, 0xCD, 0xE5, 0x17, 0xCD, 0x91, 0x1B, 0xC3, 0xF8, 0x16, 0xCD, 0xA4, 0x17, 
  0xFC, 0x38, 0x1A, 0xFC, 0xCD, 0x17, 0x3A, 0x2C, 0x21, 0xFE, 0x81, 0xDA, 0x2A, 0x1C, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x81, 0x51, 0x59, 0xCD, 0xFA, 0x16, 0x21, 0x55, 0x15, 0xE5, 0x21, 0x34, 0x1C, 0xCD, 0xEC, 0x1A, 
  0x21, 0xDB, 0x1B, 0xC9, 0x09, 0x4A, 0xD7, 0x3B, 0x78, 0x02, 0x6E, 0x84, 0x7B, 0xFE, 0xC1, 0x2F, 
  0x7C, 0x74, 0x31, 0x9A, 0x7D, 0x84, 0x3D, 0x5A, 0x7D, 0xC8, 0x7F, 0x91, 0x7E, 0xE4, 0xBB, 0x4C, 
  0x7E, 0x6C, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0x7F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0xC9, 0xD7, 0xC9, 0x3E, 0x0C, 0xC3, 0x96, 
  0x1D, 0xCD, 0x23, 0x15, 0x7B, 0x32, 0x87, 0x20, 0xC9, 0xCD, 0xC2, 0x0D, 0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 0xED, 
  0x53, 0x8B, 0x20, 0xED, 0x53, 0x8D, 0x20, 0xC9, 0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 0xD5, 0xE1, 0x46, 0x23, 0x7E, 
  0xC3, 0x7D, 0x11, 0xCD, 0xC2, 0x0D, 0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 0xD5, 0xCD, 0xCB, 0x07, 0x2C, 0xCD, 0xC2, 
  0x0D, 0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 0xE3, 0x73, 0x23, 0x72, 0xE1, 0xC9, 0xCD, 0xC5, 0x0D, 0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 
  0xC5, 0x21, 0x2E, 0x21, 0x7A, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x28, 0x0C, 0xCD, 0xD2, 0x1C, 0x78, 0xFE, 0x30, 0x28, 
  0x02, 0x70, 0x23, 0x71, 0x23, 0x7B, 0xCD, 0xD2, 0x1C, 0x7A, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x20, 0x05, 0x78, 0xFE, 
  0x30, 0x28, 0x02, 0x70, 0x23, 0x71, 0x23, 0xAF, 0x77, 0x23, 0x77, 0xC1, 0x21, 0x2E, 0x21, 0xC3, 
  0x2B, 0x12, 0x47, 0xE6, 0x0F, 0xFE, 0x0A, 0x38, 0x02, 0xC6, 0x07, 0xC6, 0x30, 0x4F, 0x78, 0x0F, 
  0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0xE6, 0x0F, 0xFE, 0x0A, 0x38, 0x02, 0xC6, 0x07, 0xC6, 0x30, 0x47, 0xC9, 0xEB, 
  0x21, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCD, 0x08, 0x1D, 0xDA, 0x28, 0x1D, 0x18, 0x05, 0xCD, 0x08, 0x1D, 0x38, 0x1F, 
  0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0xB5, 0x6F, 0x18, 0xF3, 0x13, 0x1A, 0xFE, 0x20, 0xCA, 0x08, 0x1D, 0xD6, 
  0x30, 0xD8, 0xFE, 0x0A, 0x38, 0x05, 0xD6, 0x07, 0xFE, 0x0A, 0xD8, 0xFE, 0x10, 0x3F, 0xC9, 0xEB, 
  0x7A, 0x4B, 0xE5, 0xCD, 0x7C, 0x11, 0xE1, 0xC9, 0x1E, 0x26, 0xC3, 0x11, 0x05, 0xCD, 0xC5, 0x0D, 
  0xCD, 0x07, 0x0A, 0xC5, 0x21, 0x2E, 0x21, 0x06, 0x11, 0x05, 0x78, 0xFE, 0x01, 0x28, 0x08, 0xCB, 
  0x13, 0xCB, 0x12, 0x30, 0xF4, 0x18, 0x04, 0xCB, 0x13, 0xCB, 0x12, 0x3E, 0x30, 0xCE, 0x00, 0x77, 
  0x23, 0x05, 0x20, 0xF3, 0xAF, 0x77, 0x23, 0x77, 0xC1, 0x21, 0x2E, 0x21, 0xC3, 0x2B, 0x12, 0xEB, 
  0x21, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCD, 0x7C, 0x1D, 0xDA, 0x8A, 0x1D, 0xD6, 0x30, 0x29, 0xB5, 0x6F, 0xCD, 0x7C, 
  0x1D, 0x30, 0xF6, 0xEB, 0x7A, 0x4B, 0xE5, 0xCD, 0x7C, 0x11, 0xE1, 0xC9, 0x13, 0x1A, 0xFE, 0x20, 
  0xCA, 0x7C, 0x1D, 0xFE, 0x30, 0xD8, 0xFE, 0x32, 0x3F, 0xC9, 0x1E, 0x28, 0xC3, 0x11, 0x05, 0xDD, 
  0x21, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xC3, 0x61, 0x01, 0xC3, 0x08, 0x00, 0xC3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x00, 0x32, 0x92, 
  0x20, 0xC3, 0x68, 0x01, 0xED, 0x45, 0xF5, 0xA0, 0xC1, 0xB8, 0x3E, 0x00, 0xC9, 0xCD, 0xD6, 0x07, 
  0xC3, 0xFD, 0x0B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
  };

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Global variables
//
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

byte              ioAddress;
byte              ioData;
byte              tempByte;
word              indexPhase2     =   0;      // Index for the bootPhase2[] array

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void setup() {
  
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Local variables
//
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  byte  data;                                     // Data byte
  word  address;                                  // External RAM current address;

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  // Initialize RESET_and BUSREQ_
  pinMode(RESET_, OUTPUT);                        // Configure RESET_ and set it ACTIVE
  digitalWrite(RESET_, LOW);

  pinMode(WAIT_RES_, OUTPUT);                     // Configure WAIT_RES_ and set it ACTIVE to reset the WAIT FF (U1C)
  digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, LOW);

  pinMode(USER, OUTPUT);                          // USER led OFF
  digitalWrite(USER, HIGH);
  
  pinMode(INT_, INPUT_PULLUP);                    // Configure INT_ and set it NOT ACTIVE
  pinMode(INT_, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(INT_, HIGH);
  
  pinMode(BUSACK_, INPUT);                        // Configure BUSACK_ as input
  pinMode(WAIT_, INPUT);                          // Configure WAIT_ as input
  
  pinMode(BUSREQ_, INPUT_PULLUP);                 // Set BUSREQ_ HIGH
  pinMode(BUSREQ_, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, HIGH);
  
  DDRA = 0x00;                                    // Configure Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7) as input with pull-up
  PORTA = 0xFF;
  DDRC = DDRC & B00000011;                        // Configure Z80 address bus AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7) as input with pull-up
  PORTC = PORTC | B11111100;
  DDRD = DDRD & B11100011;                        // Configure Z80 address bus AD6-AD8 (PD2-PD4) as input with pull-up
  PORTD = PORTD | B00011100;
  pinMode(MREQ_, INPUT_PULLUP);                   // Configure MREQ_ as input with pull-up
  pinMode(RD_, INPUT_PULLUP);                     // Configure RD_ as input with pull-up
  pinMode(WR_, INPUT_PULLUP);                     // Configure WR_ as input with pull-up
  
  // Initialize CLK @ 4MHz. Z80 clock_freq = (Atmega_clock) / (OCR2 + 1) = (Atmega_clock) / 2
  ASSR &= ~(1 << AS2);                            // Set Timer2 clock from system clock
  TCCR2 |= (1 << CS20);                           // Set Timer2 clock to "no prescaling"
  TCCR2 &= ~((1 << CS21) | (1 << CS22));
  TCCR2 |= (1 << WGM21);                          // Set Timer2 CTC mode
  TCCR2 &= ~(1 << WGM20);
  TCCR2 |= (1 <<  COM20);                         // Set "toggle OC2 on compare match"
  TCCR2 &= ~(1 << COM21);
  OCR2 = 0;                                       // Set the compare value to toggle OC2
  pinMode(CLK, OUTPUT);                           // Set OC2 as output and start to output the clock @ 4Mhz

  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println();
  Serial.println("Z80-MBC (Mobile Breadboard Computer) - A041116");
  Serial.println("IOS - I/O Subsystem - S221116");
  Serial.println();
  
  delay(1);                                       // Wait for reset completed
  digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, HIGH);                  // Set WAIT_RES_ HIGH
  digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, LOW);                     // Activate DMA request signal
  delay(1);
  digitalWrite(RESET_, HIGH);                     // Release Z80 from RESET
  delay(1);                                       // Wait for Z80 bus thee-stated

  // Load Phase 1 boot payload into external RAM with DMA and using address (AD0-AD8) and data (D0-D7) bus
  address = bootPhase1StrAddr;                    // Initialize the starting address of external RAM 
  Serial.println("IOS: Loading phase 1 boot program...");
  pinMode(WR_, OUTPUT);                           // Configure WR_ as ouput and set it HIGH
  digitalWrite(WR_, HIGH);
  pinMode(RD_, OUTPUT);                           // Configure RD_ as ouput and set it HIGH
  digitalWrite(RD_, HIGH);
  pinMode(MREQ_, OUTPUT);                         // Configure MREQ_ as ouput and set it HIGH
  digitalWrite(MREQ_, HIGH);
  for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(bootPhase1); i++)
  // Write boot program into external RAM
  {
    if (debugLev > 0)
    {
      Serial.print("DMA WRITE -> ADDR: ");
      Serial.print(address, HEX);
      Serial.print(" - DATA: ");
    }
    switch (i)
    // Get the current data to write into external RAM (Compliant with the S091116 specs)
    {
      case 3:
      // Send the LSB of the starting addres of the phase 2 boot program
        data = lowByte(bootPhase2StrAddr);
      break;
              
      case 4:
      // Send the MSB of the starting addres of the phase 2 boot program
        data = highByte(bootPhase2StrAddr);
      break;

      case 5:
      // Send the LSB of the lenght in bytes of the phase 2 boot program
        data = lowByte(sizeof(bootPhase2));
      break;

      case 6:
      // Send the MSB of the lenght in bytes of the phase 2 boot program
        data = highByte(sizeof(bootPhase2));
      break;

      default:
      // Get a byte of the phase 1 payload
        data = pgm_read_byte(&bootPhase1[i]);
      break;
    }

    if (debugLev > 0)
    {
      if (data < 0x10) Serial.print("0");
      Serial.println(data, HEX);
      Serial.println("      76543210       76543210");
      Serial.print("PORTC=");
      printBinaryByte(PORTC);
      Serial.print(" PORTD=");
      printBinaryByte(PORTD);
      Serial.println();
    }

    DDRA = 0xFF;                                  // Configure Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7) as output
    PORTA = data;                                 // Current output on data bus
    DDRC = DDRC | B11111100;                      // Configure Z80 address bus AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7) as output
    DDRD = DDRD | B00011100;                      // Configure Z80 address bus AD6-AD8 (PD2-PD4) as output
    PORTC = (PORTC & B00000011) | ((lowByte(address) << 2) & B11111100);  // Output address AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7)
    PORTD = (PORTD & B11100011) | (byte(address >> 4 ) & B00011100);      // Output address AD6-AD8 (PD2-PD4)
    //PORTC = (PORTC & B11111101) | ((highByte(address) & B00000100) >> 1); // Output address AD10 (PC1)
    digitalWrite(MREQ_, LOW);                     // Enable external RAM /CE1 pin
    digitalWrite(WR_, LOW);                       // Write data into current address of the external RAM (10us 1-0-1 pulse)
    digitalWrite(WR_, HIGH);
    address++;                                    // Set next address
  }
  Serial.println("IOS: Loading phase 1 done.");

  // Release Z80 address AD0-AD8 and data D0-D7 bus and run the Z80 CPU
  pinMode(WR_, INPUT_PULLUP);                     // Configure WR_ as input with pull-up
  pinMode(WR_, INPUT);
  pinMode(RD_, INPUT_PULLUP);                     // Configure RD_ as input with pull-up
  pinMode(RD_, INPUT);
  pinMode(MREQ_, INPUT_PULLUP);                   // Configure MREQ_ as input with pull-up
  DDRA = 0x00;                                    // Configure Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7) as input with pull-up
  PORTA = 0xFF;
  DDRC = DDRC & B00000011;                        // Configure Z80 address bus AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7) as input with pull-up
  PORTC = PORTC | B11111100;
  DDRD = DDRD & B11100011;                        // Configure Z80 address bus AD6-AD8 (PD2-PD4) as input with pull-up
  PORTD = PORTD | B00011100;
  digitalWrite(RESET_, LOW);                      // Activate Z80 RESET_ signal
  digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, HIGH);                    // Release Z80 from DMA
  digitalWrite(RESET_, HIGH);                     // Release Z80 from RESET. Z80 is running from now.
  Serial.println("IOS: Z80 is running from now.");
  Serial.println();
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void loop() {
  if (!digitalRead(WAIT_))
  // IO operaton requested
  {
    if (!digitalRead(WR_))
    // IO WRITE operation requested
    {
      ioAddress = PINC >> 2;                      // Read Z80 address bus AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7)
      ioAddress = (ioAddress & B00111111) | ((PIND << 4) & B11000000);  // Read Z80 address bus AD6-AD7 (PD2-PD3)
      ioData = PINA;                              // Read Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7)

      if (debugLev > 1)
      {
        Serial.print("IOS: I/O WRITE operation requested");
        Serial.print(" - DATA: ");
        if (ioData < 0x10) Serial.print("0");
        Serial.print(ioData, HEX);
        Serial.print(" ");
        printBinaryByte(ioData);
        Serial.print(" ADDR: ");
        if (ioAddress < 0x10) Serial.print("0");
        Serial.print(ioAddress, HEX);
        Serial.print(" ");
        printBinaryByte(ioAddress);
        Serial.println();
      }
      switch (ioAddress)
      // Execute the requested I/O WRITE operation
      {
        case  0x00:
          // USER LED:      I/O DATA:    D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
          //                            ---------------------------------------------------------
          //                              x  x  x  x  x  x  x  0    USER Led off
          //                              x  x  x  x  x  x  x  1    USER Led on
          if (ioData & B00000001) digitalWrite(USER, LOW); 
          else digitalWrite(USER, HIGH);
        break;
        
        case  0x01:
          // SERIAL TX:     I/O DATA:    D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
          //                            ---------------------------------------------------------
          //                             D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0    ASCII char to be sent to serial
          Serial.write(ioData);
        break;
      }

      digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, LOW);                 // Request for a DMA
      digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, LOW);               // Reset WAIT FF exiting from WAIT state
      digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, HIGH);              // Now Z80 is in DMA, so it's safe set WAIT_RES_ HIGH again
      digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, HIGH);                // Resume Z80 from DMA
    }
    else 
      if (!digitalRead(RD_))
      // IO READ operation requested
      {
        ioAddress = PINC >> 2;                    // Read Z80 address bus AD0-AD5 (PC2-PC7)
        ioAddress = (ioAddress & B00111111) | ((PIND << 4) & B11000000); // Read Z80 address bus AD6-AD7 (PD2-PD3)
        switch (ioAddress)
        // Execute the requested I/O READ operation
        {
          case  0x00:
            // USER KEY:      I/O DATA:    D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
            //                            ---------------------------------------------------------
            //                              0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0    USER Key not pressed
            //                              0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1    USER Key pressed
            tempByte = digitalRead(USER);         // Save USER led status
            pinMode(USER, INPUT_PULLUP);          // Read USER Key
            ioData = !digitalRead(USER);
            pinMode(USER, OUTPUT); 
            digitalWrite(USER, tempByte);         // Restore USER led status
          break;

          case  0x01:
            // SERIAL RX:     I/O DATA:    D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
            //                            ---------------------------------------------------------
            //                             D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0    ASCII char read from serial
            //
            // NOTE 1: if there is no input char, a value 0xFF is forced as input char.
            // NOTE 2: the INT_ signal is always reset (set to HIGH) after this I/O operation.
            ioData = 0xFF;
            if (Serial.available() > 0) ioData = Serial.read();
            digitalWrite(INT_, HIGH);
          break;

          case  0x02:
            // READ BOOT PHASE 2 PAYLOAD:
            //                I/O DATA:    D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
            //                            ---------------------------------------------------------
            //                             D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0    current byte of bootPhase2[]
            //
            // NOTE 1: a new byte is read every I/O read operation, and the pointer is automatically incremented to next byte
            //         every I/O read operation.
            // NOTE 2: a value 0x00 is forced as output byte for successive readings if the end of bootPhase2[] is reached.
            if (indexPhase2 < sizeof(bootPhase2)) ioData = pgm_read_byte(&bootPhase2[indexPhase2]);
            else ioData = 0;
            indexPhase2++;
          break;
        }
        if (debugLev > 1)
        {
          Serial.print("IOS: I/O READ operation requested"); 
          Serial.print(" - DATA: ");
          if (ioData < 0x10) Serial.print("0");
          Serial.print(ioData, HEX);
          Serial.print(" ");
          printBinaryByte(ioData);
          Serial.print(" ADDR: ");
          if (ioAddress < 0x10) Serial.print("0");
          Serial.print(ioAddress, HEX);
          Serial.print(" ");
          printBinaryByte(ioAddress);
          Serial.println();        
        }
        
        DDRA = 0xFF;                               // Configure Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7) as output
        PORTA = ioData;                            // Current output on data bus
        
        digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, LOW);                // Request for a DMA
        digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, LOW);              // Now is safe reset WAIT FF (exiting from WAIT state)

        delayMicroseconds(2);                      // Wait 2us just to be sure that Z80 read the data
        DDRA = 0x00;                               // Configure Z80 data bus D0-D7 (PA0-PA7) as input with pull-up
        PORTA = 0xFF;

        digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, HIGH);             // Now Z80 is in DMA, so it's safe set WAIT_RES_ HIGH again
        digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, HIGH);               // Resume Z80 from DMA
      }
      else
      // INTERRUPT operation setting IORQ_ LOW, so nothing to do
      {
        if (debugLev > 1) Serial.println("IOS: INT operation (nothing to do)");
        digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, LOW);                // Request for a DMA
        digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, LOW);              // Reset WAIT FF exiting from WAIT state
        digitalWrite(WAIT_RES_, HIGH);             // Now Z80 is in DMA, so it's safe set WAIT_RES_ HIGH again
        digitalWrite(BUSREQ_, HIGH);               // Resume Z80 from DMA
      }
  }

}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void printBinaryByte(byte value)
{
  for (byte mask = 0x80; mask; mask >>= 1)
  {
    Serial.print((mask & value) ? '1' : '0');
  }
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void serialEvent()
// Set INT_ to ACTIVE if there are received chars from serial to read
{
  if (Serial.available()) digitalWrite(INT_, LOW);
}
Credits

Just4Fun

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A $4, 4 x IC, Z80 Homemade Computer on Breadboard

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Description

Details

The needed ICs are:

Notes about the components:

Software overview

Files

Schematics

vwPIqnte5E6mal5gy4BI.pdf

Code

S221116_Z80_Breadboard.ino

Github

Credits

Just4Fun

Comments

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A $4, 4 x IC, Z80 Homemade Computer on Breadboard

A $4, 4 x IC, Z80 Homemade Computer on Breadboard

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Description

Details

The needed ICs are:

Notes about the components:

Software overview

Files

Schematics

vwPIqnte5E6mal5gy4BI.pdf

Code

S221116_Z80_Breadboard.ino

Github

Credits

Just4Fun

Comments
