/* Arduino Starter Kit example
Project Wave Generator
This sketch is written to have a source to tune music instruments and later get to the limits...
Parts required:
1x switch
1x 220 ohm resistor
A resistor network to create an 8 bit DAC to be connected to the port D
2x 10 kilohm potentiometer
1x 16x2 LCD screen
1x piezo
Created 21. April 2019
by Christian Styger
Caution: This source code was tailored to the windows compiler version 1.8.9.
If other versions are used, the timing might not be correct.
>> Use compiler version 1.8.9. (or 1.7.10)!
*/
// include the library code for LCD-Display:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#define NOOP(n) __builtin_avr_delay_cycles (n)
const double Pi = 3.1415926535;
const byte Clock_Steps_per_us = 1.0 * F_CPU / 1000000; // 1 Clock_Step is 0.0625us = 1/16us for Arduino Uno with 16 MHz Clock frequency
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13);
const byte Pot_Read_Pin = A5;
const byte Control_Switch_Pin = A4;
// set up a constant for time delay when a switch was pressed in ms:
const int Delay_Time = 500;
// Pins 8,9,10,11,12,13 set to OUTPUT for LCD-display
const byte Port_B_Pinrange_LCD = B00111111;
// Pins A0..A1 set to Input; A2..A5 set for additional DAC channels
const byte Port_C_Pinrange_Operate = B00111100;
// Pins A0..A5 set for Input (reading the parameters to set generator)
const byte Port_C_Pinrange_Set = B00000000;
// Pins 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 and 0 [Caution D0 is usually Rx!!!] set to OUTPUT for 8 bit DAC
const byte Port_D_Pinrange_Operate = B11111111; // Port D, being DAC output, having 8 bits (8 bit resolution)
// Pins 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 set to OUTPUT , and D0 is ready for Rx-funcion to PC
const byte Port_D_Pinrange_Set = B11111110;
int Pot_Value = 1;
byte T_or_F = 0; //This switch indicates if T: Time in us or F: Frequency in Hz is being displayed)
const byte Generator_Shape_Range = 5; // 0: Sinewave; 1: Triangular; 2: Chainsaw down; 3: Chainsaw up; 4: Rectangular;
byte Generator_Shape = 4; // Starting shape is sinewave (=(Generator_Shape+1)% Generator_Shape_Range)...
byte Generator_Type; // Identification of generator to be used, depending on Tau (length of signal period)...
const byte Rectangular_Divide = 8; // Shorter cycle times possible due to simplicity of rectanguals signal...
byte Split, Divide = 1;
byte L, k; // Number of data points that need to be extended by L_Step; k : number of periods to be mapped in P_D...
byte Index,s;
unsigned long NOPs_long;
unsigned long NOPs_Step, NOPs_t, NOPs_Tau = Clock_Steps_per_us*1E6/1000; // starting value of Tau in NOPs - corresponds to 1000Hz ....
unsigned long NOPs_Tau_Max = 4294967295; //2^32-1 NOPs = 268'435'455.9375us = 4 min 28.435 s is maximum period, using 256 data points to be read out with max delay
unsigned int NOPs_Tau_Min = 304; // Minimum Tau ist 19 us (=16*19 NOPs) for signal shape with minimum resolution of 16 points / period (sine, triangular,...).
byte I_Shift = 0, P_Shift = 0, Scale = 0; // Two parameters to ensure that starting data point of a signal is zero.
byte Signal_Shape_Memory[256]; // Array containing 256 data points to be written to the 1 byte DAC;
byte Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[256]; // Array containing 0 or 255: 0 = No increase by 1 NOP of the data point; 255 = Prolong delay by 1 NOP.
byte rectangular (long Time, long Period) {return 255 *((2*Time/Period)&1);}
byte sine(long Time, long Period) {return (512 *(0.5*(1+sin((Time*2.0/Period-0.5)*Pi))))/2;}
byte chainSawUp(long Time, long Period) {return 256.0*(Time-int (Time/Period)*Period)/Period;}
byte triangular(long Time, long Period) {return 256.0*(abs(1-2.0*((Time)-int((Time)/Period)*Period)/Period));}
void setup() {
pinMode(Pot_Read_Pin, INPUT); // declare pin for potentiometer as input
pinMode(Control_Switch_Pin, INPUT); // declare the interrupt pin as an input
// setting the ports...
DDRB |= Port_B_Pinrange_LCD; // Pins 13,12,11,10,9,8 set to OUTPUT for LCD-display
DDRC |= Port_C_Pinrange_Set; // Pins A5,A4,A3,A2 set to INPUT for Additional DAC bits 9-12, Pins A1, A0 set to INPUT for prgram control
DDRD |= Port_D_Pinrange_Set; // Pins 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 set to OUTPUT, and D0 is ready for Rx-function to PC
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
}
byte PD(byte I) {
// Calculates the average level between Func(NOPs_Tau) and Func(NOPs_Tau + NOPs_Step)....
byte Index = I;
byte Level = 0;
s = Pot_Value*k/2;
while (s > 0) {
if (Index&1 == 1) Level += s;
s /= 2;
Index /= 2;
}
long Step;
if (L > Level) {Step = NOPs_t+NOPs_Step+1; Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[I] = 255;} // prolonging data point delay by 1 NOP
else {Step = NOPs_t+NOPs_Step ; Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[I] = 0 ;} // not prolonging data point delay by 1 NOP
byte P;
if (Generator_Shape == 0) P = sine (NOPs_t+Step,2*NOPs_Tau/k)-P_Shift;
else if (Generator_Shape == 1) P = ~triangular (NOPs_t+Step,2*NOPs_Tau/k)-P_Shift;
else if (Generator_Shape == 2) P = ~chainSawUp (NOPs_t+Step,2*NOPs_Tau/k)-P_Shift+Scale*((16-I)&15);
else if (Generator_Shape == 3) P = chainSawUp (NOPs_t+Step,2*NOPs_Tau/k)-P_Shift+Scale*I;
else if (Generator_Shape == 4) P = rectangular(NOPs_t , NOPs_Tau/Divide/k);
NOPs_t = Step;
Signal_Shape_Memory[I] = P;
return (P);
}
void Show_Parameter ()
{
lcd.setCursor (0, 1);
if (T_or_F == 0) {
lcd.print ("T: ");
lcd.setCursor (3, 1);
lcd.print (1.0*NOPs_Tau/Clock_Steps_per_us, 4);
lcd.setCursor (14, 1);
lcd.print ("us");
} else {
lcd.print ("F: ");
lcd.setCursor (3, 1);
lcd.print (1000000.0/NOPs_Tau*Clock_Steps_per_us, 4);
lcd.setCursor (14, 1);
lcd.print ("Hz");
}
}
void loop() {
// Select the generator type (sine, rectangular, triangular, etc.), using potentiometer to select & button to confirm...
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print ("Gen");
while (digitalRead(Control_Switch_Pin) == HIGH) {
if (Pot_Value != 0) {
if (Pot_Value > 0) s = 1; else s = Generator_Shape_Range-1;
Generator_Shape = (Generator_Shape+s)%Generator_Shape_Range;
lcd.setCursor(4, 0);
if (Generator_Shape == 0) lcd.print ("Sine Wave ");
else if (Generator_Shape == 1) lcd.print ("Triangular ");
else if (Generator_Shape == 2) lcd.print ("Chainsaw Dn");
else if (Generator_Shape == 3) lcd.print ("Chainsaw Up");
else if (Generator_Shape == 4) lcd.print ("Rectangular");
}
delay (2*Delay_Time);
Pot_Value = map(analogRead(Pot_Read_Pin), 0, 1023, -5, +5);
}
if (Generator_Shape == 4) NOPs_Tau_Min /= Rectangular_Divide;
// Set display to either Frequency or Time, using potentiometer to switch & button to confirm...
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print ("F/T");
Show_Parameter ();
while (digitalRead(Control_Switch_Pin) == LOW);
delay (Delay_Time);
while (digitalRead(Control_Switch_Pin) == HIGH) {
if (Pot_Value != 0) {
T_or_F = ++T_or_F&1;
Show_Parameter ();
}
delay (Delay_Time);
Pot_Value = map(analogRead(Pot_Read_Pin), 0, 1023, -12, +12);
}
// Set the Frequency or Time (period length), using potentiometer to sselect & button to confirm...
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print ("Set");
while (digitalRead(Control_Switch_Pin) == LOW);
delay (Delay_Time);
while (digitalRead(Control_Switch_Pin) == HIGH) {
Pot_Value = map(analogRead(Pot_Read_Pin), 0, 1023, -12, +12);
if (T_or_F == 1) Pot_Value = -Pot_Value;
NOPs_Step = abs(Pot_Value*Pot_Value*Pot_Value);
if (Pot_Value != 0) {
s = 1;
if (Pot_Value == 12) {NOPs_Step = NOPs_Tau; s = 2*Delay_Time;}
else if (Pot_Value == -12) {NOPs_Step = NOPs_Tau/2; s = 2*Delay_Time;}
if (Pot_Value < 0)
if (NOPs_Tau-NOPs_Tau_Min >= NOPs_Step)
NOPs_Tau -= NOPs_Step;
else
NOPs_Tau = NOPs_Tau_Min;
else
if (NOPs_Tau_Max-NOPs_Tau >= NOPs_Step)
NOPs_Tau += NOPs_Step;
else
NOPs_Tau = NOPs_Tau_Max;
Show_Parameter ();
delay (Delay_Time/(Pot_Value*Pot_Value)+s);
}
}
if ((Generator_Shape == 4) && (NOPs_Tau < 16000)) {Divide = Rectangular_Divide; NOPs_Tau *= Rectangular_Divide;}
// Selection of generator_Type...
if (NOPs_Tau >= 4864) Pot_Value=256; //304 us: 256 * 19 NOPs = 4864 NOPs (/16 = 304 us = 3.289 kHz )
else if (NOPs_Tau >= 2432) Pot_Value=128; //152 us: 128 * 19 NOPs = 2432 NOPs (/16 = 152 us = 6.578 kHz )
else if (NOPs_Tau >= 1216) Pot_Value= 64; // 76 us: 64 * 19 NOPs = 1216 NOPs (/16 = 76 us = 13.157 kHz )
else if (NOPs_Tau >= 608) Pot_Value= 32; // 38 us: 32 * 19 NOPs = 608 NOPs (/16 = 38 us = 26.315 kHz )
else { Pot_Value= 16; // 19 us: 16 * 19 NOPs = 304 NOPs (/16 = 19 us = 52.631 kHz)
Scale=1;} // Scale = 1 increases amplitude of Chainsaw up and down at low resolution. i.e. 16 data points...
NOPs_Step = NOPs_Tau/Pot_Value; //38...(4'294'967'296-1)/256 [16'777'215] NOPs_Tau_max: 268.435456 sec
L = NOPs_Tau%Pot_Value; //L (NOPs_Tau_ long_max): 255
k = 256/Pot_Value;
if (NOPs_Step >= 31) {Generator_Type = 31; Split = (NOPs_Step-31)%6; NOPs_long = (NOPs_Step-31)/6; }
else if (NOPs_Step >= 25) {Generator_Type = 25; Split = NOPs_Step-25;}
else if (NOPs_Step >= 22) {Generator_Type = 22; Split = NOPs_Step-22;}
else {Generator_Type = NOPs_Step;}
// Setting up parameters to calculate shape...
NOPs_Tau *= k;
L *= k;
// Adjust all shapes such theat zero value is starting point (PD_0 = 0)...
if (Generator_Shape <= 3) I_Shift=1;
NOPs_t = NOPs_Tau-I_Shift*(NOPs_Step);
P_Shift = PD(0);
Signal_Shape_Memory[0] = 0;
// Calculating & loading the signal shape into array P_D...
Index=0;
while (Index < 255) Signal_Shape_Memory[++Index] = PD(Index);
// Starting the appropriate generator according to settings...
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print ("Run");
noInterrupts();
DDRD |= Port_D_Pinrange_Operate; // Pins 7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0
switch (Generator_Type) {
case 19: Loop_256_19 (); break;
case 20: Loop_256_20 (); break;
case 21: Loop_256_21 (); break;
case 22: Loop_256_22_24 (); break;
case 25: Loop_256_25_33 (); break;
case 31: Loop_256_31_36_6n (); break;
}
}
void Loop_256_31_36_6n ()
{
unsigned long NOPs_6x = long (abs(NOPs_long));
byte Shift = Split+2;
byte Index = 0;
NOPs_long = NOPs_long+100; // This line is necessary to get the timing right for NOPSx_6x = 0, 1, 2... (I don't know why...)
unsigned long Cycle;
while (true) {
++Index;
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
Cycle = NOPs_6x;
while (--Cycle<~0) NOOP(0);
if (Shift&1) NOOP(2);
if (~Shift&4);
else if (Shift&2) NOOP(3);
else NOOP(0);
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
void Loop_256_25_33 ()
{
byte Shift = ((Split)/3)*4+5+((Split)%3);
byte Index = 0;
while (true) {
++Index;
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
if (~Shift&2);
else if (Shift&1) NOOP(2);
else NOOP(0);
if (~Shift&8);
else if (Shift&4) NOOP(5);
else NOOP(1);
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
void Loop_256_22_24 ()
{
byte Shift = Split+1;
byte Index = 0;
while (true) {
++Index;
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
if (~Shift&2) NOOP(1);
else {NOOP(1); if (Shift&1) NOOP(2); //This is the correct line for compiler Arduino 1.8.9
else NOOP(0);} //This is the correct line for compiler Arduino 1.8.9
// else if (Shift&1) NOOP(2); //This is the correct line for compiler Arduino 1.7.10
// else NOOP(0); //This is the correct line for compiler Arduino 1.7.10
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
void Loop_256_21 ()
{
byte Index = 0;
NOPs_long = NOPs_long+100; // This line is necessary to get the timing right for NOPSx_6x = 0, 1, 2... (I don't know why...)
while (true) {
++Index;
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
NOOP(2);
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
void Loop_256_20 ()
{
byte Index = 0;
while (true) {
NOOP(1);
++Index;
NOOP(1);
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
void Loop_256_19 ()
{
byte Index = 0;
while (true) {
++Index;
PORTD = Signal_Shape_Memory[Index];
if (Signal_NOP_Delay_Memory[Index]) NOOP(3); else NOOP(1);
}
}
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