The global population increasingly prioritizes oral health and hygiene. This factor is driving the utilization of toothbrushes across the world. Electric toothbrushes enhance the brushing experience and brushing habits. The most popular and effective type of electric toothbrush is one with a rotating or side-to-side movement. Motions at sonic speeds or lower are made with the help of a motor.
Modern electric toothbrushes typically rely on rechargeable batteries, which are charged through inductive charging when the toothbrush is placed in a charging base between uses. Such brushes often use nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, whose nominal voltage is 1.2 V. The SLG46513 has a working voltage range from 1 V to 1.65 V, enabling control over the toothbrush’s operation.
To make the project implementation smooth and easy you may download our free GreenPAK Designer software to open the .gp file and view the proposed circuit design. Use the GreenPAK development tools to freeze the design into your own customized IC in a matter of minutes. Renesas Electronics provides a complete library of application notes featuring design examples, as well as explanations of features and blocks within the Renesas IC.
Le’ts start with the GreenPAK Design.
Figure 2 shows an internal design of the electric toothbrush in the GreenPAK Designer software.
Motor ControlWhen the toothbrush is in sleep mode, Pin 8 output is set to HIGH due to a pull-up resistor, but when a button is pressed, a low-level signal appears for a brief period. To filter out switch bouncing, a Delay macrocell DLY4 is used. A DFF18 latches the voltage level and flips it each time the button is pressed, allowing the toothbrush to switch between two modes using an external button — working mode and sleep mode.
When the toothbrush is switched to the working mode, there is a constant HIGH voltage level at a gate of atransistor, as well as at the output of a multiplexer 3-L2. This voltage level opens the transistor Q3 and starts a DC motor.
The brush has 2 timers. The first one informs the user about the completion of a 2-minute brushing session. An oscillator OSC0, a DFF19, and a DFF11 form a clock signal with a frequency of 2.67 Hz. When the toothbrush is switched to ON mode, a 2-bit LUT1 feeds this clock signal to the CLK input of a CNT0. After two minutes have passed, a HIGH level appears at the CNT0 output, which triggers a one-shot (CNT6), forming a signal pulse with a width equal to three and a half periods of the clock signal. These three pulses, through two multiplexers, 3-bit LUT0, and Pin 9 are fed to the transistor gate and, accordingly, to the motor, creating a vibration effect (see Figure 3 and Figure 4a).
In addition to the 2-minute timer, this toothbrush also contains a 30-second timer based on a CNT3, which signals the need to proceed with brushing the next quadrant (quarter) of the oral cavity. After 30 seconds have passed, a HIGH level appears at the CNT3 output. A 2-bit LUT0 filters every 4th pulse, and a Filter macrocell eliminates glitches. The CNT3 output signal triggers a one-shot (CNT1), which forms a signal pulse with a width equal to one and a half periods of the clock signal (see Figure 3 and Figure 4b).
To ensure that the timers are restarted each time the toothbrush is turned off, the counters are reset on the rising edge of the DFF18 output signal.
Digital multiplexers enable the passage of either a constant voltage, one pulse, or three pulses to the transistor gate based on the one-shots outputs.
ChargingMost modern electric toothbrushes use wireless inductive charging. The toothbrush and its base form a two-part transformer, with the base having the primary winding of the transformer and the toothbrush having the secondary winding. The voltage induced on the secondary winding is rectified by a diode D1 and then reduced by a resistive divider to the value required for proper detection of the presence of a charger (see Figure 1). The divider comprises external resistors R7 (100 kΩ) and R5 (4.7 kΩ), and an internal pull-down resistor (10 kΩ) inside the SLG47513, which sets the peak value of the voltage on Pin 6 at around 1.2 V.When the signal from the charger reaches Pin 6, which functions as an analog comparator, a HIGH level appears at the input of a frequency detector. The frequency detector generates a high-level output on this signal, which goes to Pin 5 and enables charging (see Figure 5 and Figure 6). This high-level signal at the output of Pin 5 opens a Q2 transistor, which, in turn, opens a Q1 transistor, initiating the charging process of the battery.
To protect the battery against overcharging, an analog comparator ACMP1H is used. Resistors R8 and R9 divide the battery voltage in half, and this voltage is applied to the input of Pin 11. Then it is compared with a reference voltage of 725 mV by a comparator with a hysteresis of 100 mV. If the voltage from the divider reaches this reference voltage, the battery charging stops. A Delay macrocell DLY2 as a filter is used.
To protect the battery against over-discharging, an analog comparator ACMP0H is used. This comparator compares the same voltage from the divider but has its reference voltage set at 500 mV and hysteresis at 100 mV. When the measured voltage becomes less than the reference, the comparator output goes LOW and the transistor closes, preventing the battery from over-discharging.
To prevent the circuit from consuming excess energy through the divider, the divider is connected to the ground bus only when the battery is charging or when the toothbrush is on. These conditions are checked by a 2-bit LUT3 and its output goes HIGH when at least one of the conditions is met. A multiplexer 3-L0, based on this high-level signal, connects the ground bus to the divider through an open-collector transistor of Pin13. Additionally, ACMP0H is powered on only when the toothbrush comes out of sleep mode, and ACMP1H is powered on only when the charger is connected. These measures ensure extremely low consumption in sleep mode.
Simulation of ProjectThe motor control part of the project can be simulated in the GreenPAK Designer Software Simulation Tool.
ConclusionTo make electric toothbrush we used the SLG47513 — a low-voltage GreenPAK IC. Its low-voltage operation allows the project to be supplied by just one 1.2 V NiMH battery, which is the primary power source for electric toothbrushes. The SLG47513 is a perfect fit for these devices as it has a sufficient number of digital and analog macrocells that can be used to control the toothbrush motor and implement additional features such as timers and charging control. The SLG47513 can serve as a functional replacement for popular electric toothbrushes available in the market. Because there are not many integrated circuits available in the market that can be powered by 1.2 V and can implement toothbrush functionalities, manufacturers often use custom ASICs, which increases the cost of the toothbrush. GreenPAK is a cost-effective solution as it uses an off-the-shelf base die and comes in an extremely small case of 1.6 mm x 1.6 mm, which helps to reduce the board space required.
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