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Jared Wolff
Published © CC BY-SA

The Canary: A Portable Air Quality Monitor

Air quality on the job is overlooked. Respirators are uncomfortable. But do you know what you're breathing in? Learn how to build your own.

IntermediateFull instructions provided24 hours3,377
Most Innovative : 1st Place
Cellular IoT Challenge

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Boron
Particle Boron
×1
Adafruit Ultimate GPS FeatherWing
×1
Adafruit FeatherWing Tripler Mini Kit - Prototyping Add-on For Feathers
×1
Particle Squared: a Particle Powered Air Quality Sensor
×1
Honeywell HPMA115S0 Dust Sensor
×1
Adafruit Lithium Ion Battery Pack - 3.7V 4400mAh
×1
Panasonic EKMB Series PIR Sensor
×1
SWI3-5-N-P5
5V Power Adapter (For charging)
×1
PJ-005A
Barrel Jack
×1
Optically Clear Foam Mounting Tape
×1
Wire, Wrapping Wire
Wire, Wrapping Wire
×1
Jumper wires (generic)
Jumper wires (generic)
×1

Software apps and online services

SORACOM Air IoT Connectivity Platform
SORACOM Air IoT Connectivity Platform
Fusion
Autodesk Fusion

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Soldering iron (generic)
Soldering iron (generic)
Wire Wrap Tool, Gun
Wire Wrap Tool, Gun
IPS Weld-On 3 Acrylic Plastic Cement
Wire Stripper
Hand Unwrapping Tool, Left/Right Hand
Hand Unwrapping Tool, Left/Right Hand
Hot Air Station, Industrial
Hot Air Station, Industrial

Story

Read more

Custom parts and enclosures

Fusion 360 Enclosure CAD

This is the 3D CAD directly from Fusion360 for the enclosure.

Schematics

Project Breadboard Hookup Guide

Load this file into Fritzing to understand all the connections necessary to get this project up and running.

Code

Code

C/C++
The main code file. Doesn't include drivers.
/*
 * Project Particle Squared
 * Description: Particle powered PM2.5 and air quality sensor
 * Author: Jared Wolff
 * Date: 2/26/2019
 * License: GNU GPLv3
 */

#include "si7021.h"
#include "ccs811.h"
#include "hpma115.h"
#include "board.h"
#include "gps.h"

// Firmware update
#include "CCS811_FW_App_v2_0_1.h"

SerialLogHandler logHandler(LOG_LEVEL_ERROR);

#define BACKEND_PARTICLE 0
#define BACKEND_SORACOM  1

#ifndef BACKEND_ID
#define BACKEND_ID BACKEND_PARTICLE
#endif

#if PLATFORM_ID != PLATFORM_XENON
SYSTEM_MODE(SEMI_AUTOMATIC);
#endif

// Watchdog timeout period
#define WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS 120000

// Delay and timing related contsants
#define SECOND_MS                      1000
#define MINUTE_SEC                     60

#define GPS_MEASUREMENT_MS             30 * MINUTE_SEC * SECOND_MS
#define MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS           5 * MINUTE_SEC * SECOND_MS
#define MEASUREMENT_DELAY_ALERT_MS     MINUTE_SEC * SECOND_MS
#define MIN_MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS       10 * SECOND_MS
#define HPMA_TIMEOUT_MS                10 * SECOND_MS
#define CELLULAR_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS 2 * SECOND_MS

// Hazard levels
#define PM25_LOW       15
#define PM25_MED       30
#define PM25_HIGH      55
#define PM25_HAZARDOUS 110

#define LED_ON_INTERVAL 10000
#define ALERT_INTERVAL 60000

// Timer handler
void measurement_timer_handler();
void check_position_timer_handler();

// Reading delay ms
static uint32_t m_reading_period = MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS;

// Static objects
static Si7021  si7021 = Si7021();
static CCS811  ccs811 = CCS811();
static HPMA115 hpma115 = HPMA115();
static GPS     gps     = GPS();

// Set up timer
Timer measurement_timer(m_reading_period, measurement_timer_handler);
Timer disconnect_timer(CELLULAR_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS, cellular_timer_handler, true);
Timer hpma_timer(HPMA_TIMEOUT_MS, hpma_timeout_handler, true);

// Watchdog
ApplicationWatchdog wd(WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MS, System.reset);

// Data
static si7021_data_t si7021_data, si7021_data_last;
static hpma115_data_t hpma115_data;
static gps_data_t gps_data;

#ifdef HAS_CCS811
static ccs811_data_t ccs811_data;
#endif

#if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_SORACOM
// Define the TCP client
TCPClient client;
#endif

// Fuel gauge output
FuelGauge fuel;

// Event flags
static bool data_check       = false;
static bool m_pir_event      = false;
static bool m_error_flag     = false;
static bool m_data_ready     = false;
static bool m_led_motion_on  = false;
static bool m_has_location   = false;
static bool m_disconnect     = false;
static bool m_tcp_publish    = false;
static bool m_check_position = false;

// Motion ticks
static uint32_t m_motion_ticks = 0;
static uint32_t m_alarm_ticks = 0;

// GPS location count
static uint32_t m_gps_check_ms = 0;

// Locking serial to one driver at a time
static serial_lock_t m_serial_lock;

// State of baseline
static uint32_t m_period_counter = 0;

// String for sending JSON data to the web
static String m_out,m_tcp_out;

// Wakeup tune
void wakeup_tune() {
  // Set pin mode
  pinMode(PIEZO_PIN, OUTPUT);

  // Actuate the piezo`
  for( int i = 2; i-- > 0; ) {
    analogWrite(PIEZO_PIN, 128, 2000);
    delay(50);
    analogWrite(PIEZO_PIN, 0, 2000);
    delay(50);
  }
}

// Wakeup tune
void alert_tune() {
  // Set pin mode
  pinMode(PIEZO_PIN, OUTPUT);

  // Actuate the piezo
  for( int i = 3; i-- > 0; ) {
    analogWrite(PIEZO_PIN, 128, 2000);
    delay(200);
    analogWrite(PIEZO_PIN, 0, 2000);
    delay(200);
  }

}


// Cellular timer - handles setting disconnect flag after
// We're done using a Particle.publish() command
// i.e. saves battery
void cellular_timer_handler() {
  m_disconnect = true;
}

// Definition of timer handler
void measurement_timer_handler() {
  data_check = true;
}

// This fires after the hpma should have finished...
void hpma_timeout_handler() {
  if( hpma115.is_enabled() ) {
    Serial.println("hpma timeout");
    #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
    Particle.publish("err", "hpma timeout" , PRIVATE, NO_ACK);
    #endif
    hpma115.disable();
  }

  m_data_ready = true;
}

// ccs811_pin_interrupt() forwards pin interrupt on to the specific handler
void ccs811_pin_interrupt() {
  ccs811.int_handler();
}

// forwards serial data interrupt to HPMA driver
void serialEvent1() {
  hpma115.int_handler();
}

// Async publish event
void hpma_evt_handler(hpma115_data_t *p_data) {

  // Disable HPMA
  #ifdef HAS_HPMA
  hpma115.disable();
  hpma_timer.stop();
  #endif

  // Copy the data.
  hpma115_data = *p_data;

  // Serial.printf("pm25 %dμg/m3 pm10 %dμg/m3\n", hpma115_data.pm25, hpma115_data.pm10);

  // Concat the data into the json blob
  m_out = String( m_out + String::format(",\"pm25\":%d,\"pm10\":%d", hpma115_data.pm25,hpma115_data.pm10) );

  // Set the data ready!
  m_data_ready = true;

  Serial.println("hpma rdy");
}

int set_reading_period( String period ) {

  uint32_t temp_period = (uint32_t)period.toInt();

  if( temp_period != m_reading_period && temp_period >= MIN_MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS ) {
    Serial.printf("update reading period %d\n",temp_period);
    m_reading_period = temp_period;

    // Change period if variable is updated
    measurement_timer.changePeriod(m_reading_period);

    return 1;

  }

  return -1;

}

// Event for recieving motion alerts
void pir_event_handler(void) {
  m_pir_event = true;
}

// Event handler for GPS
void gps_event_handler(gps_data_t * p_data) {

  // Copy data over
  gps_data = *p_data;

  // Set flag to add to output data;
  m_has_location = true;

  // Lets push this info to the cloud immediately
  data_check = true;

  // disable gps device
  gps.disable();

}

// setup() runs once, when the device is first turned on.
void setup() {

  // Turn off the LED. This app controls the LED.
  RGB.control(true);
  RGB.brightness(0xff);
  RGB.color(0xff,0,0);
  delay(500);
  RGB.color(0xff,0x60,0);
  delay(500);
  RGB.color(0xff,0xff,0);
  delay(500);
  RGB.color(0,0xff,0);
  delay(500);
  RGB.brightness(0);

  // Set up PC based UART (for debugging)
  Serial.blockOnOverrun(false);
  Serial.begin();

  // Set up I2C
  Wire.setSpeed(I2C_CLK_SPEED);
  Wire.begin();

  // Set up Si7021;
  si7021_data_last.humidity = 0;
  si7021_data_last.temperature = 0;

  uint32_t err_code = si7021.setup();
  if( err_code != 0 ) {
    Serial.printf("si7021 setup err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }

  // Setup CC8012
  #ifdef HAS_CCS811
  ccs811_init_t ccs811_init;
  ccs811_init.int_pin = CCS811_INT_PIN;
  ccs811_init.address = CCS811_ADDRESS;
  ccs811_init.pin_interrupt = ccs811_pin_interrupt;
  ccs811_init.rst_pin = CCS811_RST_PIN;
  ccs811_init.wake_pin = CCS811_WAKE_PIN;

  // Init the TVOC & C02 sensor
  err_code = ccs811.setup(&ccs811_init);
  if( err_code != 0 ) {
    Serial.printf("ccs811 setup err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }

  // Update!
  const ccs811_app_update_t update {
    .ver = {
      .major = 2,
      .minor = 0,
      .trivial = 1
    },
    .data = CCS811_FW_App_v2_0_1_bin,
    .size = CCS811_FW_App_v2_0_1_bin_len
  };

    // Get the version and print it
  ccs811_app_ver_t version;
  ccs811.get_app_version(&version);

  Serial.printf("ccs811 ver %x.%d.%d\n", version.major, version.minor, version.trivial);

  // Checkfor updates
  err_code = ccs811.update_app(&update);
  if( err_code == CCS811_NO_UPDATE_NEEDED ) {
    Serial.printf("ccs811 no update needed\n");
    Serial.flush();
  } else if  ( err_code != 0 ) {
    Serial.printf("ccs811 update err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
  }

  // Restore the baseline
  ccs811.restore_baseline();

  // Start VOC measurement
  // This is an async reading.
  err_code = ccs811.enable();
  if( err_code != 0 ) {
    Serial.printf("ccs811 enable err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }

  #endif

  #ifdef HAS_HPMA
  // Setup HPMA115
  hpma115_init_t hpma115_init;
  hpma115_init.callback = hpma_evt_handler;
  hpma115_init.enable_pin = HPMA1150_EN_PIN;
  hpma115_init.serial_lock = &m_serial_lock;

  // Init HPM115 sensor
  err_code = hpma115.setup(&hpma115_init,&m_serial_lock);
  if (err_code != HPMA115_SUCCESS) {
    Serial.printf("hpma115 enable err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }
  #endif

  // Set up GPS
  gps_init_t gps_init = {
    .enable_pin = GPS_EN_PIN,
    .fix_pin = GPS_FIX_PIN,
    .callback = gps_event_handler
  };

  err_code = gps.init(&gps_init,&m_serial_lock);
  if( err_code != GPS_SUCCESS ) {
    Serial.printf("gps init err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }

  // Enable the gps
  err_code = gps.enable();
  if( err_code != GPS_SUCCESS ) {
    Serial.printf("gps enable err %d\n", err_code);
    Serial.flush();
    m_error_flag = true;
  }

  // Set up PIR interrupt
  pinMode(PIR_INT_PIN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
  attachInterrupt(PIR_INT_PIN, pir_event_handler, RISING);
  // TODO: wake the device up from sleep

  // Start the timer
  measurement_timer.start();

  // Set up cloud variable
  #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
  Particle.function("set_period", set_reading_period);

  // Set up keep alive
  Particle.keepAlive(60);
  #endif

  // Publish vitals once on startup
  #if PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_BORON
  Cellular.setActiveSim(EXTERNAL_SIM);
  Cellular.setCredentials("soracom.io","sora","sora");
  #endif

  // Beep beep
  wakeup_tune();

  delay(2000);

}

// loop() runs over and over again, as quickly as it can execute.
void loop() {

  uint32_t err_code;

  // Connect if not connected..
  #if PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_XENON
  if (Mesh.ready() == false) {
    Serial.println("Not connected..");
    Mesh.connect();
  }
  #elif PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_ARGON
  // TODO: connect only when data is available
  if (Particle.connected() == false) {
    Particle.connect();
  }
  #elif PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_BORON
  // connect only when data is available
  if (m_data_ready && !Cellular.ready() && !Cellular.connecting()) {
    Cellular.on();
    Cellular.connect();
  }
  #endif

  // This gets run after cellular disconnect timer expires
  #if PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_BORON
  if( m_disconnect ) {
    m_disconnect = false;

    Serial.println("disconnect");

    #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_SORACOM
    client.stop();
    #endif

    // disconnect on success
    Cellular.disconnect();
    Cellular.off();
  }
    #endif

  // If all the data is ready, send it as one data blob
  // only publish when connected...
  #if PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_BORON
  if ( m_data_ready && Cellular.ready() ) {
  #else
  if ( m_data_ready && Particle.connected() ) {
  #endif
    Serial.println("data send");

    // Cap off the JSON
    m_out = String( m_out + "}");

    // Publish data to Particle Cloud
    #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
    Particle.publish("blob", m_out , PRIVATE, WITH_ACK);

    // Start disconnect timer
    #if PLATFORM_ID == PLATFORM_BORON
    disconnect_timer.start();
    #endif

    #elif BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_SORACOM

    // Copy string
    m_tcp_out = m_out;
    m_tcp_publish = true;

    #else
    #error BACKEND_ID needs to be defined.
    #endif

    // Reset to false
    m_data_ready = false;

  }

  // While we have a response read it
  #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_SORACOM

  if( m_tcp_publish ) {
    // Publish data to SORACOM
    // Note: this is not ideal as it's not encrypted.
    // But if using in conjunction with
    // an end to end VPN tunnel it's less of an issue..
    if( !client.status() ) {
      client.connect("harvest.soracom.io", 8514);
    } else {
      int bytes = client.print(m_out);
      int err = client.getWriteError();
      if (err != 0) {
        Log.trace("TCPClient::write() failed (error = %d), number of bytes written: %d", err, bytes);
      } else {
        m_tcp_publish = false;
      }
    }
  }

  // Once we have data
  // Flush in rx buf
  // and disconnect
  if (client.available())
  {
    while(client.available()) client.read();
    m_data_ready = false;
    m_disconnect = true;
  }
  #endif

  // If there is a PIR event handle that here
  if( m_pir_event && !m_led_motion_on ) {

    Serial.println("pir event");

    // get last pm25 measurement
    // and evaluate using the scale from here:
    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index#Europe
    if( hpma115_data.pm25 > PM25_HAZARDOUS ) {
      Serial.println("haz");
      RGB.color(255,0,0);
    } else if ( hpma115_data.pm25 > PM25_HIGH ) {
      Serial.println("high");
      RGB.color(0xff,0x60,0);
    } else if ( hpma115_data.pm25 > PM25_MED ) {
      Serial.println("med");
      RGB.color(0xff,0xff,0);
    } else {
      Serial.println("ok");
      RGB.color(0,255,0);
    }

    // turn on LED
    uint8_t bright = 0;
    for( int i = 10; i-- > 0; ) {
      RGB.brightness(bright+=25);
      delay(100);
    }

    // Full powah
    RGB.brightness(255);

    // Set ticks
    m_motion_ticks = millis();

    // Flag to check to turn things off later
    m_led_motion_on = true;

    // TODO: define action here (start taking measurements

  }

  // Handle if the LED is turned on
  if( m_led_motion_on ) {

    // If we've rolled over
    if( millis() < m_motion_ticks ) {
      m_motion_ticks = 0;
    }

    // Check if the LED has been on for more tan 10 sec
    if( millis() - m_motion_ticks > LED_ON_INTERVAL ) {

      uint8_t bright = 255;

      // shut down
      for( int i = 10; i-- > 0; ) {
        RGB.brightness(bright-=25);
        delay(100);
      }

      // Brightness to 0
      RGB.brightness(0);

      // Reset flags
      m_led_motion_on = false;
      m_pir_event = false;
    }

  }

  // Set audible alarm
  if ( hpma115_data.pm25 > PM25_HIGH ) {

    // Check reading every minute
    if( m_reading_period != MEASUREMENT_DELAY_ALERT_MS ) {
      m_reading_period = MEASUREMENT_DELAY_ALERT_MS;
      measurement_timer.changePeriod(m_reading_period);
    }

    // If we've overflowed reset
    if( millis() < m_alarm_ticks ) {
      m_alarm_ticks = 0;
    }

    //Every minute play alart tune
    if( millis() - m_alarm_ticks > ALERT_INTERVAL ) {
      m_alarm_ticks = millis();
      alert_tune();
    }

  } else {
    // Check reading every 5 min
    if( m_reading_period != MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS ) {
      m_reading_period = MEASUREMENT_DELAY_MS;
      measurement_timer.changePeriod(m_reading_period);
    }
  }

  // Enable gps for a single reading
  if( m_check_position && (m_serial_lock.owner == serial_lock_none)  ) {
    m_check_position = false;

    // Eanble gps
    err_code = gps.enable();
    if( err_code != GPS_SUCCESS ) {
      Serial.printf("gps enable err %d\n", err_code);
      Serial.flush();
      m_error_flag = true;
    }
  }

  // If we're greater than or equal to the measurement delay
  // start taking measurements!
  if( data_check ) {

    Serial.println("data check");

    // Set state variable to false
    data_check = false;

    // Cacluate how many more data_check events before the GPS needs to be checked
    m_gps_check_ms+=m_reading_period;
    if( m_gps_check_ms > GPS_MEASUREMENT_MS ) {
      Serial.println("get gps measurement");
      m_check_position = true;
      m_gps_check_ms = 0;
    }

    // Set start of string.
    m_out = String("{");

    // Disable HPMA
    #ifdef HAS_HPMA
    hpma115.disable();
    #endif

    // Read temp and humiity
    err_code = si7021.read(&si7021_data);

    if( err_code == SI7021_SUCCESS ) {
      // Set env data in the CCS811
      #ifdef HAS_CCS811
      ccs811.set_env(si7021_data.temperature,si7021_data.humidity);
      #endif

      // Concatinate temp and humidity data
      m_out = String( m_out + String::format("\"temperature\":%.2f,\"humidity\":%.2f",si7021_data.temperature, si7021_data.humidity) );
      Serial.println("temp rdy");
    } else {
      #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
      Particle.publish("err", "temp" , PRIVATE, NO_ACK);
      #endif
      Serial.println("temp err");
    }

    // Process CCS811
    #ifdef HAS_CCS811
    err_code = ccs811.read(&ccs811_data);

    if ( err_code == CCS811_SUCCESS ) {

      // Concatinate ccs811 tvoc
      m_out = String( m_out + String::format(",\"tvoc\":%d,\"c02\":%d", ccs811_data.tvoc, ccs811_data.c02) );
      Serial.println("tvoc rdy");
    } else if( err_code == CCS811_NO_DAT_AVAIL ) {
      Serial.println("fatal tvoc error");
    } else {
      #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
      Particle.publish("err", "tvoc" , PRIVATE, NO_ACK);
      #endif
      Serial.println("tvoc err");
    }
    #endif

    // Add battery info
    m_out = String( m_out + String::format(",\"batt\":%f", fuel.getSoC()) );

    // Publish location
    if ( m_has_location ) {
      Serial.println("has location");
      int32_t lat_deg = gps_data.lat/10000000;
      int32_t long_deg = gps_data.lon/10000000;
      int32_t lat_min = gps_data.lat-(lat_deg*10000000);
      int32_t long_min = gps_data.lon-(long_deg*10000000);
      const char * long_char = (gps_data.lon_c == 'W') ? "-" : "";
      const char * lat_char = (gps_data.lat_c == 'N') ? "" : "-";
      #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
      m_out = String( m_out + String::format(",\"latitude\":\"%s%i.%i\",\"longitude\":\"%s%i.%i\"",lat_char,lat_deg,lat_min,long_char,long_deg,long_min) );
      #else
      m_out = String( m_out + String::format(",\"lat\":\"%s%i.%i\",\"lng\":\"%s%i.%i\"",lat_char,lat_deg,lat_min,long_char,long_deg,long_min) );
      #endif
      // Serial.printf("%i %i\n", lat_deg,long_deg);
      // Serial.printf("%i %i\n", lat_min,long_min);
      m_has_location = false;
    }

    // Process PM2.5 and PM10 results
    // This is slightly different from the other readings
    // due to the fact that it should be shut off when not taking a reading
    // (extends the life of the device)
    #ifdef HAS_HPMA
    hpma115.enable();
    hpma_timer.start();
    #else
    m_data_ready = true;
    #endif

  }

  // Save the baseline if we're > 4hr
  uint32_t periods = System.uptime()/60/60/4;
  if( periods > m_period_counter) {

    //Update the counter
    m_period_counter = periods;

    #ifdef HAS_CCS811
    ccs811.save_baseline();
    #endif

  }

  // Process gps stuff
  gps.process();

  // Process dust sensor
  hpma115.process();

  // Send updates/communicate with service when connected
  #if BACKEND_ID == BACKEND_PARTICLE
  if( Particle.connected() ) {
    Particle.process();
  }
  #endif

  // Checking with WD -- if there's an error flag, no check in. That allows for a sufficent update window.
  if( !m_error_flag ) {
    wd.checkin();
  }

}

Credits

Jared Wolff

Jared Wolff

11 projects • 64 followers
Designing the nRF9160 Feather in collaboration with Hackster.io and GroupGets. https://www.hackster.io/launch
Thanks to Adafruit and Autodesk.

Comments

Awards
Most Innovative : 1st Place
Cellular IoT Challenge
Related channels and tags
  • Adafruit
  • Autodesk
  • Honeywell
  • Panasonic
  • Particle
  • SORACOM