John Bradnam
Published © GPL3+

AD9833 Function Generator

Build a function generator with an Arduino Nano and a AD9833 Programmable Waveform Generator module.

IntermediateFull instructions provided12 hours15,978
AD9833 Function Generator

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Arduino Nano R3
Arduino Nano R3
×1
AD9833 Programmable Waveform Generator Module
×1
Standard LCD - 16x2 White on Blue
Adafruit Standard LCD - 16x2 White on Blue
×1
Potentiometer
DIYables Potentiometer
50k Linear
×1
Rotary Encoder with Push-Button
Rotary Encoder with Push-Button
15mm D-Shaft
×1
74HC14
SOIC-8 Package
×1
TL071
DIL-8 Package
×1
SparkFun 10k Trimpot
×1
9V Battery holder
×2
9V battery (generic)
9V battery (generic)
×2
0805 Resistors
3 x 10k, 4 x 2.2k, 1 x 220R
×1
0805 capacitors
3 x 22nF
×1

Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE

Hand tools and fabrication machines

3D Printer (generic)
3D Printer (generic)
Soldering iron (generic)
Soldering iron (generic)

Story

Read more

Custom parts and enclosures

STL Files

Files for 3D printing

Schematics

Schematic

PCB

Eagle files

Schematic & PCB in Eagle format

Code

SignalGeneratorV3.ino

Arduino
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
 * AD9833 Function Generator
 * By John Bradnam
 * based on: 
 *  DIY Function/Waveform Generator by GreatScottLab
 *  (https://www.instructables.com/DIY-FunctionWaveform-Generator/)
 *  
 *  230114 - Rewrote code
 */
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>
#include "AD9833.h"
#include "Rotary.h"

//Pins
#define ROTARY_A 3
#define ROTARY_B 2
#define SWITCH 4
#define LCD_D7 5
#define LCD_D6 6
#define LCD_D5 7
#define LCD_D4 8
#define LCD_EN 9
#define LCD_RS A0
#define AD9833_FSYNC 10
#define AD9833_SCLK 13
#define AD9833_SDATA 11

//Modules
AD9833 sigGen(AD9833_FSYNC, 24000000);// Initialise our AD9833 with FSYNC and a master clock frequency of 24MHz
LiquidCrystal lcd(LCD_RS, LCD_EN, LCD_D4, LCD_D5, LCD_D6, LCD_D7);
Rotary encoder(ROTARY_A, ROTARY_B);	// Initialise the encoder on pins 2 and 3 (interrupt pins)

enum MenuEnum { X1, X10, X100, X1K, X10K, X100K, X1M, WAVEFORM };
enum WaveEnum { SINE, TRANGLE, SQUARE };
#define MENU_TEXT_LEN 8
const String menuText[] = {"x1Hz", "x10Hz", "x100Hz","x1kHz", "x10kHz", "x100kHz", "x1MHz", "Waveform"};
const String waveText[] = {"SIN", "TRI", "SQR"};

//EEPROM handling
//Uncomment next line to clear out EEPROM and reset
//#define RESET_EEPROM
#define EEPROM_ADDRESS 0
#define EEPROM_MAGIC 0x0BAD0DAD
typedef struct {
  uint32_t magic;
  MenuEnum menuState;
  WaveEnum waveState;
  long frequency;
} EEPROM_DATA;

EEPROM_DATA EepromData;      //Current EEPROM settings

#define EEPROM_UPDATE_TIME 60000  //Check for eprom update every minute
unsigned long eepromTimeout = 0;
bool eepromUpdate = false;

#define FREQ_MAX 14000000

volatile bool updateDisplay = false;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Setup hardware
void setup() 
{
  //Serial.begin(57600);
  //Serial.println("Starting...");

  //Get last settings
  readEepromData();
  
  // Initialise the LCD, start the backlight and print a "bootup" message for two seconds
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  lcd.print("     AD9833     ");
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("Signal Generator");
  delay(2000);

  // Display initial set values
  lcd.clear();
  displayFrequency();
  displayMenu();
  displayWaveform();

  // Initialise the AD9833 with 1KHz sine output, no phase shift for both
  // registers and remain on the FREQ0 register
  // sigGen.lcdDebugInit(&lcd);
  sigGen.reset(1);
  sigGen.setFreq(EepromData.frequency);
  sigGen.setPhase(0);
  sigGen.setFPRegister(1);
  sigGen.setFreq(EepromData.frequency);
  sigGen.setPhase(0);
  sigGen.setFPRegister(0);
  sigGen.mode((int)EepromData.waveState);
  sigGen.reset(0);

  // Set pins A and B from encoder as interrupts
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(ROTARY_A), encChange, CHANGE);
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(ROTARY_B), encChange, CHANGE);
  // Initialise pin as input with pull-up enabled and debounce variable for
  // encoder button
  pinMode(SWITCH, INPUT_PULLUP);
  // Set Cursor to initial possition
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

  eepromTimeout = millis() + EEPROM_UPDATE_TIME;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Main loop
void loop() 
{
  // If button is pressed, change the menu
  if (testButton(true)) 
  {
    EepromData.menuState = (EepromData.menuState == WAVEFORM) ? X1 : (MenuEnum)((int)EepromData.menuState + 1);
    eepromUpdate = true;
    updateDisplay = true;
  }
    
  // Update display if needed
  if (updateDisplay) 
  {
    displayFrequency();
    displayMenu();
    displayWaveform();
    updateDisplay = false;
  }

  //Update EEPROM if settings changed
  if (millis() > eepromTimeout)
  {
    if (eepromUpdate)
    {
      writeEepromData();
      eepromUpdate = false;
    }
    eepromTimeout = millis() + EEPROM_UPDATE_TIME;
  }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// Test if button has been pressed
//  waitForRelease - True to wait until button gos up
//  Returns true if button is pressed
bool testButton(bool waitForRelease) 
{
  bool pressed = false;
  if (digitalRead(SWITCH) == LOW) 
  {
    pressed = true;
    while (waitForRelease && digitalRead(SWITCH) == LOW)
    {
      yield();
    }
  }
  return pressed;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// Encoder has been rotated
//  Change frequency or waveform based on menu selection
void encChange() 
{
  unsigned char state = encoder.process();
  if (state != DIR_NONE) 
  {
    switch (EepromData.menuState) 
    {
      case X1: updateFrequency(state,1); break;
      case X10: updateFrequency(state,10); break;
      case X100: updateFrequency(state,100); break;
      case X1K: updateFrequency(state,1000); break;
      case X10K: updateFrequency(state,10000); break;
      case X100K: updateFrequency(state,100000); break;
      case X1M: updateFrequency(state,1000000); break;
      case WAVEFORM: updateWaveform(state); break;
    }
  }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Change the current frequency based on menu and stepValue
//  state - Either DIR_CW or DIR_CCW
//  stepValue - Current amount to change frequency by
void updateFrequency(unsigned char state, long stepValue)
{
  bool update = false;
  long old = EepromData.frequency;
  if (state == DIR_CW)
  {
    EepromData.frequency = min(EepromData.frequency + stepValue,FREQ_MAX);
  }
  else
  {
    EepromData.frequency = max(EepromData.frequency - stepValue,0);
  }
  if (old != EepromData.frequency)
  {
    sigGen.setFreq(EepromData.frequency);
    eepromUpdate = true;
    updateDisplay = true;
  }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Change the current waveform
//  state - Either DIR_CW or DIR_CCW
void updateWaveform(unsigned char state)
{
  if (state == DIR_CW)
  {
    EepromData.waveState = (EepromData.waveState == SQUARE) ? SINE : (WaveEnum)((int)EepromData.waveState + 1);
  }
  else
  {
    EepromData.waveState = (EepromData.waveState == SINE) ? SQUARE : (WaveEnum)((int)EepromData.waveState - 1);
  }
  sigGen.mode((int)EepromData.waveState);
  eepromUpdate = true;
  updateDisplay = true;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Display current frequency
void displayFrequency() 
{
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print(formatNumber(EepromData.frequency,"F=","Hz",16));
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Display active menu state
void displayMenu()
{
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print(padString(menuText[(int)EepromData.menuState],MENU_TEXT_LEN));
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Display active waveform
void displayWaveform()
{
  lcd.setCursor(13, 1);
  lcd.print(waveText[(int)EepromData.waveState]);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Display a number with comma seperators
// number - number to format
// prefix - String to prefix number with
// postfix - String to append to number
// pad - Add spaces to the right pad string
// returns String with formatted number
String formatNumber(long number, String prefix, String postfix, int pad)
{
  String s = "";
  bool space = true;
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++)
  {
    if ((i==3 || i==6) && !space && number > 0)
    {
      s = String(',') + s;
    }
    if (number > 0 || i == 0)
    {
      s = String((char)((number % 10) + 48)) + s;
      space = false;
    }
    else
    {
      space = true;
    }
    number = number / 10;
  }
  s = prefix + s + postfix;
  return padString(s, pad);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Pad string with spaces
// s - string to pad
// prefix - String to prefix number with
// returns padded String
String padString(String s, int pad)
{
  String sOut = String(s);
  int len = pad - s.length();
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
  {
    sOut += ' ';
  }
  return sOut;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Write the EepromData structure to EEPROM
void writeEepromData(void)
{
  //This function uses EEPROM.update() to perform the write, so does not rewrites the value if it didn't change.
  EEPROM.put(EEPROM_ADDRESS,EepromData);
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
//Read the EepromData structure from EEPROM, initialise if necessary
void readEepromData(void)
{
#ifndef RESET_EEPROM
  EEPROM.get(EEPROM_ADDRESS,EepromData);
  if (EepromData.magic != EEPROM_MAGIC)
  {
#endif  
    EepromData.magic = EEPROM_MAGIC;
    EepromData.menuState = WAVEFORM;
    EepromData.waveState = SINE;
    EepromData.frequency = 1000;
    writeEepromData();
#ifndef RESET_EEPROM
  }
#endif  
}

AD9833.h

C Header File
#ifndef AD9833_H
#define AD9833_H

#include <SPI.h>
//#include "LiquidCrystal_I2C.h"

class AD9833
{
  public:
    //Initialise the AD9833
    //_FYNC is the pin on the uC where FYNC is connected
    //_mclk is the frequency of the crystal generator 
    AD9833(int _FSYNC, unsigned long _mclk);
    //Set and get for frequency
    void setFreq(unsigned long _freq);
    unsigned long getFreq();
    //Set and get for phase
    void setPhase(int _phase);
    int getPhase();
    //Set and get for control register
    void setCtrlReg(unsigned long _controlRegister);
    int getCtrlReg();
    //Send data to AD9833
    void writeData(int data);
    //Send the control register
    void writeCtrlReg();
    //Update the control register with appopiate values for sleep/reset/mode
    //s = 0 No power down
    //s = 1 DAC powered down
    //s = 2 Internal clock powered down
    //s = 3 Both DAC and internal clock powered down
    void sleep(int s);
    //r = 0 Disable Reset
    //r = 1 Enable Reset
    void reset(int r);
    //m = 0 Sine
    //m = 1 Triangle
    //m = 2 Clock (rectangle)
    void mode(int m);
    //r = 0 FREQ0 and PHASE0 are used
    //r = 1 FREQ1 and PHASE1 are used
    void setFPRegister(int r);
    //void lcdDebugInit(LiquidCrystal_I2C *);
    //void lcdDebug(String);

  private:
    int FSYNC;          //FSYNC Pin of AD9833 has to be connected to a GPIO pin
    unsigned long freq; //Output frequency
    int phase;          //Signal phase shift
    unsigned long mclk; //External oscillator frequency
    int fqRegister;    //Switch between Frequency and Phase register 1/0
    int pRegister;
    int controlRegister;
    //LiquidCrystal_I2C *debugger; //Debugging stuff through I2C
    //boolean debugging;
};

#endif

AD9833.cpp

C/C++
#include <SPI.h>
#include "AD9833.h"

AD9833::AD9833(int _FSYNC, unsigned long _mclk) {
  FSYNC = _FSYNC;
  pinMode(FSYNC, OUTPUT);     // Set FSYNC pin as input
  mclk = _mclk;               // Set the oscillator used, for example 24MHz
  controlRegister = 0x2000;   // Default control register : FREQ0, PHASE0, Sine
  fqRegister = 0x4000;        // Default frequency register is 0
  pRegister = 0xC000;         // Default phase register is 0
  SPI.begin();                // Initialise the SPI BUS
  SPI.setDataMode(SPI_MODE2); // Set SPI in mode2, this should be moved in
  // methods when SPI.transfer is called in case you
  // have multiple devices using the SPI bus
}

void AD9833::writeData(int data) {
  // FSYNC pin must be pulled low when new data is received by AD9833
  digitalWrite(FSYNC, LOW);
  // Send the first 8 MSBs of data
  SPI.transfer(highByte(data));
  // Send the last 8 LSBs of data
  SPI.transfer(lowByte(data));
  // Set the FSYNC pin to high then end SPI transaction
  digitalWrite(FSYNC, HIGH);
  // debugging
/*  
  if (debugging) {
    lcdDebug(String(data, HEX));
  }
*/
}

void AD9833::setFreq(unsigned long _freq) {
  // First check that the data received is fine
  unsigned long freqReg;
  // Frequency cannot be negative
  if (_freq < 0) {
    freqReg = 0;
    freq = 0;
  }
  // If the frequency is more than maximum frequency, just set it to maximum
  else if (_freq > mclk) {
    freqReg = pow(2, 28) - 1;
    freq = mclk / 2;
  }
  // If all is good, compute the freqReg knowhing that the analog output is
  // (mclk/2^28) * freqReg
  else {
    freq = _freq;
    freqReg = (freq * pow(2, 28)) / mclk;
  }
  // Initialise two variables that are 16bit long which we use to divide the
  // freqReg in two words
  // set D15 to 0 and D14 to 1 to put data in FREQ0/1 register
  int MSW = ((int)(freqReg >> 14)) | fqRegister; // Take out the first 14bits
  // and set D15 to 0 and D14 to
  // 1 or viceversa depending on
  // FREQ reg
  int LSW = ((int)(freqReg & 0x3FFF)) |
            fqRegister; // Take only the last 14bits using a mask and set D15 to
  // 0 and D14 to 1 or viceversa depending on FREQ reg
  // Send the data, most significant word first
  writeData(LSW);
  writeData(MSW);
}
unsigned long AD9833::getFreq() {
  return freq;
}
void AD9833::setPhase(int _phase) {
  // Phase cannot be negative
  if (_phase < 0) {
    phase = 0;
  }
  // Phase maximum is 2^12
  else if (_phase >= 4096) {
    phase = 4096 - 1;
  }
  // If all is good, set the new phase value
  else {
    phase = _phase;
  }
  // Extract the 12 bits from the freqReg and set D15-1, D14-1, D13-0, D12-X to
  // put data in PHASE0/1 register
  int phaseData = phase | pRegister;
  int LSW = (phase & 0x3FFF) | pRegister;
  writeData(phaseData);
}
int AD9833::getPhase() {
  return phase;
}

void AD9833::setCtrlReg(unsigned long _controlRegister) {
  // Just make sure that the first two bits are set to 0
  controlRegister = _controlRegister & 0x3FFF;
  writeCtrlReg();
}

int AD9833::getCtrlReg() {
  return controlRegister;
}

void AD9833::writeCtrlReg() {
  writeData(controlRegister);
}

void AD9833::sleep(int s) {
  switch (s) {

    case 0: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFF3F; // No power-down: D7-0 and D6-0
      } break;

    case 1: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFF7F; // DAC powered down: D7-0 and D6-1
        controlRegister |= 0x0040;
      } break;

    case 2: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFFBF; // Internal clock disabled: D7-1 and D6-0
        controlRegister |= 0x0080;
      } break;

    case 3: {
        controlRegister |=
          0x00C0; // Both DAC powered down and internal clock disabled
      } break;
  }
  // Update the control register
  writeCtrlReg();
}

void AD9833::reset(int r) {
  if (r == 0) {
    controlRegister &= 0xFEFF; // Set D8 to 0
  }

  else if (r == 1) {
    controlRegister |= 0x0100; // Set D8 to 1
  }
  writeCtrlReg();
}

void AD9833::mode(int m) {
  switch (m) {
    case 0: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFFDD; // Output sine: D5-0 and D1-0
      } break;
    case 1: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFFDF; // Output triangle: D5-0 and D1-1
        controlRegister |= 0x0002;
      } break;
    case 2: {
        controlRegister &= 0xFFFD; // Output clock (rectangle): D5-1 and D1-0
        controlRegister |= 0x0020;
      } break;
  }
  writeCtrlReg();
}

void AD9833::setFPRegister(int r) {
  if (r == 0) {
    controlRegister &= 0xF3FF; // Set D11 and D10 in control register to 0
    fqRegister = 0x4000; // Set D15 to 0 and D14 to 1 in a variable that will
    // later choose the FREQ0 register
    pRegister =
      0xC000; // Set D15 to 1 and D14 to 1 and D13 to 0 for the PHASE register
  } else if (r == 1) {
    controlRegister |= 0x0C00; // Set D11 and D10 in control register to 1
    fqRegister = 0x8000; // Set D15 to 1 and D14 to 0 in a variable that will
    // later choose the FREQ1 register
    pRegister =
      0xD000; // Set D15 to 1 and D14 to 1 and D13 to 1 for the PHASE register
  }
  writeCtrlReg();
}

/*
void AD9833::lcdDebugInit(LiquidCrystal_I2C *_debugger) {
  debugger = _debugger;
  debugging = true;
}

void AD9833::lcdDebug(String message) {
  if (debugging) {
    debugger->setCursor(0, 1);
    debugger->print(message);
  }
}
*/

Rotary.h

C Header File
/*
 * Rotary encoder library for Arduino.
 */

#ifndef rotary_h
#define rotary_h

#include "Arduino.h"

// Enable this to emit codes twice per step.
//#define HALF_STEP

// Enable weak pullups
#define ENABLE_PULLUPS

// Values returned by 'process'
// No complete step yet.
#define DIR_NONE 0x0
// Clockwise step.
#define DIR_CW 0x10
// Anti-clockwise step.
#define DIR_CCW 0x20

class Rotary
{
  public:
    Rotary(char, char);
    // Process pin(s)
    unsigned char process();
  private:
    unsigned char state;
    unsigned char pin1;
    unsigned char pin2;
};

#endif
 

Rotary.cpp

C/C++
/* Rotary encoder handler for arduino. v1.1
 *
 * Copyright 2011 Ben Buxton. Licenced under the GNU GPL Version 3.
 * Contact: bb@cactii.net
 *
 * A typical mechanical rotary encoder emits a two bit gray code
 * on 3 output pins. Every step in the output (often accompanied
 * by a physical 'click') generates a specific sequence of output
 * codes on the pins.
 *
 * There are 3 pins used for the rotary encoding - one common and
 * two 'bit' pins.
 *
 * The following is the typical sequence of code on the output when
 * moving from one step to the next:
 *
 *   Position   Bit1   Bit2
 *   ----------------------
 *     Step1     0      0
 *      1/4      1      0
 *      1/2      1      1
 *      3/4      0      1
 *     Step2     0      0
 *
 * From this table, we can see that when moving from one 'click' to
 * the next, there are 4 changes in the output code.
 *
 * - From an initial 0 - 0, Bit1 goes high, Bit0 stays low.
 * - Then both bits are high, halfway through the step.
 * - Then Bit1 goes low, but Bit2 stays high.
 * - Finally at the end of the step, both bits return to 0.
 *
 * Detecting the direction is easy - the table simply goes in the other
 * direction (read up instead of down).
 *
 * To decode this, we use a simple state machine. Every time the output
 * code changes, it follows state, until finally a full steps worth of
 * code is received (in the correct order). At the final 0-0, it returns
 * a value indicating a step in one direction or the other.
 *
 * It's also possible to use 'half-step' mode. This just emits an event
 * at both the 0-0 and 1-1 positions. This might be useful for some
 * encoders where you want to detect all positions.
 *
 * If an invalid state happens (for example we go from '0-1' straight
 * to '1-0'), the state machine resets to the start until 0-0 and the
 * next valid codes occur.
 *
 * The biggest advantage of using a state machine over other algorithms
 * is that this has inherent debounce built in. Other algorithms emit spurious
 * output with switch bounce, but this one will simply flip between
 * sub-states until the bounce settles, then continue along the state
 * machine.
 * A side effect of debounce is that fast rotations can cause steps to
 * be skipped. By not requiring debounce, fast rotations can be accurately
 * measured.
 * Another advantage is the ability to properly handle bad state, such
 * as due to EMI, etc.
 * It is also a lot simpler than others - a static state table and less
 * than 10 lines of logic.
 */

#include "Arduino.h"
#include "Rotary.h"

/*
 * The below state table has, for each state (row), the new state
 * to set based on the next encoder output. From left to right in,
 * the table, the encoder outputs are 00, 01, 10, 11, and the value
 * in that position is the new state to set.
 */

#define R_START 0x0

#ifdef HALF_STEP
// Use the half-step state table (emits a code at 00 and 11)
#define R_CCW_BEGIN 0x1
#define R_CW_BEGIN 0x2
#define R_START_M 0x3
#define R_CW_BEGIN_M 0x4
#define R_CCW_BEGIN_M 0x5
const unsigned char ttable[6][4] = {
  // R_START (00)
  {R_START_M,            R_CW_BEGIN,     R_CCW_BEGIN,  R_START},
  // R_CCW_BEGIN
  {R_START_M | DIR_CCW, R_START,        R_CCW_BEGIN,  R_START},
  // R_CW_BEGIN
  {R_START_M | DIR_CW,  R_CW_BEGIN,     R_START,      R_START},
  // R_START_M (11)
  {R_START_M,            R_CCW_BEGIN_M,  R_CW_BEGIN_M, R_START},
  // R_CW_BEGIN_M
  {R_START_M,            R_START_M,      R_CW_BEGIN_M, R_START | DIR_CW},
  // R_CCW_BEGIN_M
  {R_START_M,            R_CCW_BEGIN_M,  R_START_M,    R_START | DIR_CCW},
};
#else
// Use the full-step state table (emits a code at 00 only)
#define R_CW_FINAL 0x1
#define R_CW_BEGIN 0x2
#define R_CW_NEXT 0x3
#define R_CCW_BEGIN 0x4
#define R_CCW_FINAL 0x5
#define R_CCW_NEXT 0x6

const unsigned char ttable[7][4] = {
  // R_START
  {R_START,    R_CW_BEGIN,  R_CCW_BEGIN, R_START},
  // R_CW_FINAL
  {R_CW_NEXT,  R_START,     R_CW_FINAL,  R_START | DIR_CW},
  // R_CW_BEGIN
  {R_CW_NEXT,  R_CW_BEGIN,  R_START,     R_START},
  // R_CW_NEXT
  {R_CW_NEXT,  R_CW_BEGIN,  R_CW_FINAL,  R_START},
  // R_CCW_BEGIN
  {R_CCW_NEXT, R_START,     R_CCW_BEGIN, R_START},
  // R_CCW_FINAL
  {R_CCW_NEXT, R_CCW_FINAL, R_START,     R_START | DIR_CCW},
  // R_CCW_NEXT
  {R_CCW_NEXT, R_CCW_FINAL, R_CCW_BEGIN, R_START},
};
#endif

/*
 * Constructor. Each arg is the pin number for each encoder contact.
 */
Rotary::Rotary(char _pin1, char _pin2) {
  // Assign variables.
  pin1 = _pin1;
  pin2 = _pin2;
  // Set pins to input.
  pinMode(pin1, INPUT);
  pinMode(pin2, INPUT);
#ifdef ENABLE_PULLUPS
  digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(pin2, HIGH);
#endif
  // Initialise state.
  state = R_START;
}

unsigned char Rotary::process() {
  // Grab state of input pins.
  unsigned char pinstate = (digitalRead(pin2) << 1) | digitalRead(pin1);
  // Determine new state from the pins and state table.
  state = ttable[state & 0xf][pinstate];
  // Return emit bits, ie the generated event.
  return state & 0x30;
}

Credits

John Bradnam

John Bradnam

145 projects • 179 followers
Thanks to GreatScottLab.

Comments