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In our communities in these rural villages, we get water supply once a week in the late hours during the night. We sometimes spend more than two weeks without water supply. We have to leave our water taps that supply water our water tank storage open because of the time we get this water supply. Everyone is fast asleep during these late hours of water supply. In every family there is one installed water tank to store water. Loss of water through water tank taps that are either left unclosed or not properly closed is a daunting problem that affects everyone in our community and other surrounding villages. Water is a very scarce resource that needs to be used sparingly by everyone. Many people around the world go for days without this very basic need. Many liters of water are lost through water taps that are either left unclosed or not closed properly every day, which is a concern for the world at large. Due to climate changes and other factors, we are gradually running out of underground water and the rain no longer falls as it used to do without the negative impact of climate changes. Everyone has a duty to save water and save lives. Using technology, we can make this a reality.
The Identified ProblemThe videos in the following two Figures, i.e. the Identified Problem Video 01 and 02, show a daunting problem that has been in existence for many years in our community at this village and other neighboring communities in the rural areas of this region. This problem has been exersabated by the fact that the adoption of adaptive technology is not as fast as in the urban areas of the developed regions of the world. An adequate supply of clean drinking water is a basic need that every individual cannot live without. I think that the adoption of adaptive technology and other low power wireless devices such Internet of Things (IoT) can play a meaningful role in the reduction of inadequate supply of this scarce resource on this planet. It is due to the lack supply of healthy clean drinking water that the life expectancy of human beings and other inhabitants has been reduced badly and this has a detrimental effects on the development of economies in the world as a whole.
Identified Problem Video
Identified Problem Video
Identified Problem Video
##########################################################How to build it!The Hardware UsedThe video in Figure 02 demonstrates how the Smart Solar-Powered Water Tank Level and Tap Monitor IoT Project in the rural areas works when installed on a water tank.
The pictures in the figures above and below (Figure 03 and 04) show the top and bottom views of the nRF54L15 Development Kit after unboxing it.
The nRF54L15 DK is the development kit for all three wireless SoC (System-on-Chip) options in the nRF54L Series. The nRF54L15 sits on the development board, while the nRF54L10 and nRF54L05 can be emulated. The affordable single-board development kit makes all features of the wireless SoC available to the developer.
The nRF54L15 DK is supported by a comprehensive set of nRF Connect tools and has support in the nRF Connect SDK. Developers can explore the full potential of the nRF54L15 using the extensive range of software samples, modules, and libraries available within the nRF Connect SDK.
Product Features• nRF54L15 wireless SoC
• Emulation of the nRF54L10 and nRF54L05 wireless SoCs
• 2.4 GHz and NFC antennas
• SWF RF connector
• SEGGER J-Link OB programmer/debugger
• User-programmable LEDs (4) and buttons (4)
• Pins for measuring power consumption
• 8 MB external flash memory
• Two UART interfaces through virtual serial ports
The picture in Figure 05 above shows how I disconnected the external flash memory from the nRF54L15 SoC so I could use them as General Purpose Input Output pins. These six pins are not available on the pin headers as GPIOs without modifications. I had to cut Solder Bridges (SB11-16) and soldered Solder Bridges (17-24). It was then that I could use them as GPIOs.
Power Supply to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
Power to the nRF54L15 Development Kit is supplied from the protoboard shield via the testing points underneath the board. This supplies a 5V regulated voltage from the LM78L05 which converts the 12V from both the 12V rechargeable battery when it is installed and the 12V power adapter when is being tested on the workbench.
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4 ns.
SpecificationsI–V (current vs. voltage) graph of various diodes, including 1N4148
Absolute maximum ratings (stress ratings, consult datasheet for recommended ratings)[10]
VRRM = 100 V (maximum repetitive reverse voltage)
IO = 200 mA (average rectified forward current)
IF = 300 mA (DC forward current)
If = 400 mA (recurring peak forward current)
IFSM = 1 A at 1 s pulse width; 4 A at 1 μs pulse width (non-repetitive peak forward surge current)
Electrical and thermal characteristics[10]VF = 1 V at 10 mA (maximum forward voltage)[22]
VR = 75 V at 5 μA; 100 V at 100 μA (minimum breakdown voltage and reverse leakage current)
trr = 4 ns (maximum reverse-recovery time)
PD = 500 mW (maximum power dissipation)
PCB Type: Double Sided
PCB Finish: HASL (Hot Air Solder Level)
Solder mask: Green
Through-Hole Pitch: 2.54mm
Through-Hole Diameter: ~1mm
Mounting Hole Diameter: ~2.1mm
Mounting Hole Spacing (Centre to Centre): Long Side: ~143.9mm / Short Side: ~83.9mm
PCB Dimensions: ~(90 x 150mm)
PCB Thickness: ~1.5mm
• Gender: Female
• Style: Straight SIL (Single In-Line)
• Number of Pins: 40 (Can be cut as required)
• Number of Pin Rows: 1
• Pin Pitch: 2.54mm
• Gender: Male
• Style: Straight SIL (Single In-Line)
• Number of Pins: 40 (Can be cut as required)
• Number of Pin Rows: 1
• Pin Pitch: 2.54mm
• Pin Material: Iron
• Plating Material: None
• Max Current Rating: 3A
The picture in Figure 12 depicts the bottom view of the main protoboard shield that connects to the nRF54L15 Development Kit. All the pins of the nRF54L15 on the pin headers have now been exposed.
The picture in Figure 13 depicts the top view of the main protoboard shield that connects to the nRF54L15 Development Kit. All the pins of the nRF54L15 on the pin headers have now been exposed.
HY2.0-4P SMD is a 2.0mm-4Pin Grove connector with a locating pin. You can easily apply it to your PCB design so as to get easier and quicker connection to M5Stack Unit system, which will help expand a lot more interesting functions.
NOTE: This product differs from the traditional-used M5Stack connectors in design and specifications, thus recommended for DIY-USE only.
Product Features• HY2.0-4P
• With Locating Pins
• Suitable for PCB SMD
Specifications ParametersPitch 2.0mm
PIN number 4P
Appearance R-90° (with PIN feet)
Working temperature -25 ~ 105°C
Insulation resistance ≥1000MΩ
Single net weight 0.4g
Set gross weight 11g
Product size 56 * 24 * 9.6 mm
Packing size 93 * 138mm
Grove Female Header connections on the protoboard shield.
Grove Female Header connections on the protoboard shield.
4 Channel IIC I2C Logic Level Converter
4 Channel IIC I2C Logic Level Converter
4 Channel IIC I2C Logic Level Converter
The level converter is very easy to use. The board needs to be powered from the two voltages sources (high voltage and low voltage) that your system is using. High voltage (5V for example) to the ‘HV’ pin, low voltage (3.3V for example) to ‘LV’, and ground from the system to the ‘GND’ pin.
Product FeaturesComes with 3.3V voltage, with power indicator Power input with anti-reverse protection, and can not provide more than 150mA of current.
To achieve direct serial 5V and 3.3V level communication.
The maximum stable communication baud rate 28800bps.
Can achieve UART, IIC, 1-wire, SPI and other bus signals 3V-5V level of the two-way conversion.
Compatibility:• AVCC 5V system power supply
• ASCL 5V system SCL
• ASDA connected 5V system SDA
• AGND then 5V system GND
• BVCC then 3V system power supply
• BSCL then 3V system SCL
• BSDA connected 3V system SDA
• BGND then 3V system GND
Specifications• High voltage is 5V, low voltage is 3.3V
• HV connect with 5V power supply
• LV connect with 3.3V power supply
• GND connect the power negative pole
• LVx input/output 3.3V TTL
• HVx input/output 5V TTL
• Bi-Directional transform between LVx and TVx
To do list
To do list
7805CT Linear Voltage Regulator
These voltage regulators are monolithic integrated circuits designed
as fixedïvoltage regulators for a wide variety of applications
including local, onïcard regulation. These regulators employ internal
current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safeïarea compensation. With
adequate heatsinking they can deliver output currents in excess of
1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.
Product Features• Output Current in Excess of 1.0 A
• No External Components Required
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting
• Output Transistor SafeïArea Compensation
• Output Voltage Offered in 1.5%, 2% and 4% Tolerance
• Available in Surface Mount D2PAKï3, DPAKï3 and Standard
3ïLead Transistor Packages
• NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring
Unique Site and Control Change Requirements; AECïQ100
Qualified and PPAP Capable
• These are PbïFree Devices
1N4007 General Purpose Rectifier Diode in a Leaded DO-41 package.
Features / Specs• Manufacturer: MIC
• Part Number: 1N4007
• Diode Type: General Purpose Rectifier Diode
• Avg Forward Current (Max): 1.0A
• Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage (Max): 1200V
• Forward Voltage @ 1.0A (Max): 1.1V
• Package: DO-41
Heat Sink
Heat Sink
Heat Sink and 7805CT Linear Voltage Regulator
Heat Sink and 7805CT Linear Voltage Regulator
Heat Sink and 7805CT Linear Voltage Regulator
To do list
To do list
4-Channel 5VDC Relay Module With Opto
Starting at the input side of the optocouplers, the 6-Way pin header is what you will use to control each of the relays and connect your control voltage supply. There are “GND” and VCC” pins for your control voltage, and “IN1” to “IN4” pins for your digital control signals. Each digital input pin is connected to an indication LED which is connected in series to the optocoupler LED and a 1k-Ohm resistor. Measured volt drop on the indication LED is ~1.8V and on the opto LED it is ~1.1V. Measurement was taken with a control supply voltage of 5VDC. A low level signal turns on both the opto and indication LEDs, while a high level signal (Same level as “VCC”) will turn both off.
Moving on to the output side of the optocouplers. The output NPN transistor of the optocoupler drives a second NPN transistor which in turn, drives the relay coil. Refer to the schematic for detailed connections. Measured resistance of the relay coil is ~70 Ohms. Each relay coil has diode connected in reverse polarity across it to suppress any back EMF generated by the coil. The PCB’s also have milled out air gaps between the contact pins and nearby control circuitry tracks / pins. This helps prevent high voltage on the contacts from flashing over to the control circuitry.
One last thing worth mentioning is the single settings jumper with the labels “JD-VCC” and “VCC”. If these 2 pins are shorted, you will be able to supply both the input and output optocoupler circuitry from the “VCC” pin on the 6-Way pin header. If the 2 pins are disconnected, then you can provide separate supply voltages for the optocoupler input and output circuitry. These supply voltages will be optically isolated and any damage to the output supply should not have any effect on the input supply.
Product Features / Specifications• Relay Contact Configuration: Single Pole Double Throw
• Relay Contact Rating: 10A @ 250VAC; 10A @ 125VAC; 10A @ 30VDC; 10A @ 28VDC
• Relay Coil Voltage: 5VDC
• Optocoupler Part Number: Sharp PC817C
• Flyback protection diode placed across each relay coil to suppress back EMF
• LEDs to indicate that relays have been triggered / LED On = Relay Coil Energized
• Control inputs “IN1” to “IN4” must be pulled low (0VDC) to energize each relay coil respectively
• Supply selection jumper allows the user to provide a separate supply voltage to power the relay coils if needed.
• Shorting “JD-VCC” and “VCC” will power the relay coils from the “VCC” pin
• Dimensions: ~(75.5mm x 55.3mm x 19mm)
• Mounting Hole Diameter: ~3mm
• Mounting Hole Spacing (Centre to Centre): ~68mm / ~47.9mm
Electronic Buzzer Breakout Board
• 5V 3Pin Interface Electronic Buzzer Breakout Board
• 1 Active Buzzer Alarm Module Sensor Beep for arduino smart car
• There are many people active and passive buzzer buzzer concept is not very clear, here to do a brief introduction, we want to be helpful for future use.
• Note that the “source” does not mean power. But rather refers to the shock source.
• Passive buzzer is characterized by:
• A passive internal sources without shocks, so if the DC signal can not make it with a tweet. Must 2K ~ 5K square wave to drive it
• 2 sound frequency controllable, you can make a “more than a meter hair Suola Xi” effect.
• 3 In some special cases, you can reuse a control and LED mouth
• Active buzzer is characterized by:
• An active internal buzzer with shock source, so long as a power will be called
• 2 program easy to control, SCM can allow a high and low sounds, while passive buzzer can not.
• One module description
• A module using 9012 transistor drive
• 2 Operating voltage 3.3V-5V
• 6 with fixed bolt hole for easy installation
• 7 small plates PCB size: 3.3cm * 1.3cm
• Two module interface specification (3-wire)
• 1 VCC external 3.3V-5V voltage (5v microcontroller and can be directly connected to 3.3v MCU)
• External GND 2 GND
• 3 I / O external microcontroller IO port
SpecificationsThe module is driven by a 9012 transistor
Audion 9012 drive;
Work Voltage: 3.3-5V
Set bolt hole, easy to assemble
PCB Dimension: 3.3cm x 1.3cm
Pin definition
Vcc 3.3~5V
GND the Ground
I/O I/O interface of SC
To do list
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors and other compoenents
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
The picture in the above figure (Figure 45) shows bottom view of the protoboard shield after interfacing all external components to the nRF54L15 Development Kit.
Enclosure ABS 191 x 110 x 61mm Grey
• Ideally suited for vertical mounting of printed circuit boards (internal side
walls include molded in card guides - see photo to the right).
• Integral card guides accept 1.5 mm (0.062”) P.C. cards.
• Lap joint construction provides protection against access of dust and
splashing water.
• Designed to meet IP54.
• Standard versions are molded from easy to machine flame retardant ABS
plastic which carries a UL flammability rating of 94V-0.
• Economy versions are molded from general purpose (not flame-retardant)
plastic.
• On standard versions the lid is secured with M3 x 10 mm Phillips machine
screws, threaded into integral brass bushings. Perfect for applications when
repetitive assembly and disassembly are required.
• Economy versions are assembled with self tapping screws into fully plastic
posts.
• Black enclosures include black screws, while all others include standard
nickel finish screws.
SpecificationsSize L x W x H : 7.5 in x 4.35 in x 2.39 in(191 mm x 110 mm x 61 mm)
Shipping Weight : 0.52 lbs (0.24 kg)
UNSPSC : 39121301
UPC : 623980548401
REACH Compliant : Yes
RoHS Compliant : Yes
Material : ABS Plastic
Color : Light Gray
Flame Rating : UL94 V-0
• DC Jack Size Category: 2.1mm x 5.5mm
• Compatibility: Mates with any opposite gender DC jack in the same size category
• Rated Voltage & Current: 30V 3A
• Mounting Type: Panel Mount
• Housing Material: ABS
• Termination Style: Solder
• Part No: KCD1
• Switch Type: ON-OFF (SPST)
• Number of Pins: 2
• Switch Rating: 6A @ 250VAC / 10A @ 125VAC
• Rated Mechanical Lifetime: 10000 Cycles
• Insulation Resistance: ≥ 100MΩ
• Contact Resistance: ≤ 50mΩ
• Certifications: CE / CQC
The fuse holder is compatible with 20mm x 5mm fuses and is a panel mount. The holder is rated at 10A / 250V. The fuse holder includes mounting washer and solder lugs.
Product Features / SpecificationsCompatible Fuse Size: 5x20mm
Current Rating: 10A
Voltage Rating: 250V
Cap Style: Manual
Body Material: Thermoplastic
Contact Material: Copper Alloy
Dimensions: 37.5 x 15mm
Net Weight: 22g
Mounting Type: Panel Mount
Mounting Hole Diameter: 12mm
Termination Style: Solder
Rechargeable Battery 12V1, 4 FBT
Rechargeable Battery 12V1.4Ah (L=97 W=43 H=51mm) F1 Terminal 4.8mm 0.49Kg
Product Features / SpecificationsNominal Voltage : 12V
Rated Capacity (20hr Rate) : 1.4Ah
DimensionsLength : 97mm
Width : 43mm
Height : 51mm
Total Height : 57mm
Weight : 0.49kg
CharacteristicsCapacity 77°F(25°C)20hour rate (0.07 A) : 1.40Ah
10hour rate (0.13 A) : 1.30Ah
5hour rate (0.24 A) : 1.20Ah
1hour rate (0.84 A) : 0.84Ah
Internal ResistanceFull Charged, 77°F(25°C) : 95mΩ
Affected By Temperature (10hr Rate)
104°F(40°C) : 102%
77°F(25°C) : 100%
32°F(0°C) : 85%
5°F(-15°C) : 65%
Self-Discharge 77°F(25°C)Capacity after 3 month storage : 90%
Capacity after 6 month storage : 80%
Capacity after 9 month storag : 60%
Charge (Constant Voltage)Initial Charge Current “LESS” than 0.42A
Cycle : 14.4V–15.0V/77°F(25°C)
Stand By : 13.5V–13.8V/77°F(25°C)
To do list
To do list
To do list
Voltage Protection Board XH-M608
Voltage Protection Board XH-M608
- Board Model: XH-M608 / HCW-M631
- Supply Voltage Range: 6 – 40VDC
- Voltage Error: ±0.1V
- Dimensions: ~(65.9mm x 46.1mm x 19.5mm)
- Screw Terminal Descriptions:
- VCC: Supply voltage for the board. Must be within specified supply voltage range of 6 to 40VDC
- VIN: Voltage measurement input terminals. Voltage displayed on 7-segment will indicate voltage present at these terminals
- 3-Pin Relay: Contacts of SPDT relay. These terminals are internally isolated from the board control voltage. Higher voltage can be switched through these, 220VAC for example
- Menu Navigation:
- Press the “Menu/Enter” button to enter the main menu. If you don’t press any buttons for 5 seconds, the display will revert back to the real-time voltmeter reading
- Once in the main menu, you can navigate through the menu by using the “+” and “-” buttons. There are 5 different sub-menus listed as “P0” through to “P4” (see descriptions below)
- To view one of the sub-menus, press the “Menu/Enter” button when the desired sub-menu is showing on the display.
- Once in a sub-menu, use the “+” and “-” buttons to adjust the value
- To return to the main menu from a sub-menu, press the “Menu/Enter” button
- To reset all settings back to their default values, hold both the “+” and “-” buttons down simultaneously until the display shows “888”
- MenuDescriptions:
- Mode Setting (P0): Choose the desired mode, either U, P, C or F. Use “+” and “-” buttons to cycle through different modes
- Lower Voltage Limit Setting (P1): Set the lower voltage limit value. Use the “+” and “-” buttons to increase or decrease the value
- Upper Voltage Limit Setting (P2): Set the upper voltage limit value. Use the “+” and “-” buttons to increase or decrease the value
- Delay Time Setting (P3): Set the time delay value, the unit is minutes. Use the “+” and “-” buttons to increase or decrease the value. Setting this to zero will disable the time delay function
- Unknown Setting (P4): Not mentioned in documentation
- Working Modes:
- Voltmeter Mode (U): The board will function as a voltmeter only in this mode
- Undervoltage Overvoltage Protection Mode (P): Relay will turn OFF if the measured voltage decreases below the undervoltage value (P1), or increases above the overvoltage value (P2). Otherwise the relay will be ON
- Charge Detection Mode (C): Relay will turn ON if the measured voltage decreases below lower voltage limit (P1), and will stay ON until voltage increases above upper voltage limit (P2). Once voltage has increased above upper voltage limit (P2), the relay will turn OFF
- Discharge Detection Mode (F): Relay will turn ON if the measured voltage increases above upper voltage limit (P2), and will stay ON until voltage decreases below lower voltage limit (P1). Once voltage has decreased below lower voltage limit (P1), the relay will turn OFF
Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O
SONIC IO Unit is an ultrasonic range sensor module that interfaces with GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins. It incorporates the RCWL-9620 ultrasonic distance measurement chip with a 16mm probe. The ranging accuracy of this sensor can reach from 2cm to 450cm, with an accuracy level of up to ±2%.
SONIC IO Unit determines the distance to a target by measuring the time lapses between transmitting and receiving pulse signals. By controlling the GPIO pins, users can directly obtain the distance value from the sensor.
The advantage of SONIC IO Unit lies in its GPIO interface, which allows for direct control and access to the distance measurement functionality. This facilitates integration and provides flexibility in incorporating the sensor into different systems or projects.
This module is well-suited for various applications that require accurate distance measurements, such as robotics obstacle avoidance and fluid level detection. In robotics, it can be utilized to detect objects within a specific range, enabling efficient navigation and obstacle avoidance. For fluid level detection, SONIC IO Unit enables non-contact measurement of liquid levels in tanks or containers.
Note: When the measurement is more than 3.5m, there will be a slight delay in the response of the distance measurement data.
Product Features• RCWL-9620
• GPIO communication interface
• Measuring range: 2cm-450cm
• Protective housing
• Built-in temperature compensation, reduce the temperature drift
• Support UIFlow platform
SpecificationsSpecifications ParametersUltrasonic Ranging Single Chip RCWL-9620
Range 2cm-450cm
Probe Specifications 16mm
Receiving/Transmitting Frequency 40KHz
Receiving sensitivity -65dB
Pointing angle 60°
Measurement accuracy ±2%
Measurement period 50ms
Working current 3mA
PIR Motion Sensor
PIR is a human body infrared unit. It belongs to the "passive pyroelectric infrared detector". It detects the infrared radiation emitted and reflected by the human body or object. When infrared is detected, the output level is high and it takes a while. Delay (high during the period and allow repeated triggers) until the trigger signal disappears (restores low).
This Unit communicates with the M5Core via the GROVE B.
Notice: This Unit has 2s delay time.
Product Features• Detects the distance: 500cm
• latency time: 2s
• Sensing range: < 100°
• Quiescent current: < 60uA
• Operating temperature: -20 - 80 °C
• GROVE interface, support UIFlow and Arduino
• Two Lego installation holes
SpecificationResources Parameter
Net weight 5g
Gross weight 20g
Product Size 32*24*12mm
Package Size 60*57*17mm
The holes for the Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O and PIR Motion Sensor
The holes for the Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O and PIR Motion Sensor
• Colour: Red
• Lens Colour: Red
• Lens Diameter: 5mm
• Forward Voltage: ~2.0V @ IF = 20mA
• Typical Forward Current: 20mA
• Maximum Forward Current: 30mA
Shorter lead is the Cathode
• Colour: Yellow
• Lens Colour: Yellow
• Lens Diameter: 5mm
• Forward Voltage: ~2.1V @ IF = 20mA
• Typical Forward Current: 20mA
• Maximum Forward Current: 30mA
Shorter lead is the Cathode
• Colour: Green
• Lens Colour: Green
• Lens Diameter: 5mm
• Forward Voltage: ~2.0V @ IF = 20mA
• Typical Forward Current: 20mA
• Maximum Forward Current: 30mA
Shorter lead is the Cathode
• Colour: Blue
• Lens Colour: Blue
• Lens Diameter: 5mm
• Forward Voltage: ~3.0V @ IF = 20mA
• Typical Forward Current: 20mA
• Maximum Forward Current: 30mA
Shorter lead is the Cathode
Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O and PIR Motion Sensor
The Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O, PIR Motion Sensor and LEDs
Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O and PIR Motion Sensor
The Ultrasonic Distance Unit I/O, PIR Motion Sensor and LEDs
• PCB Type: Double Sided
• PCB Finish: HASL (Hot Air Solder Level)
• Soldermask: Green
• Through-Hole Pitch: 2.54mm
• Through-Hole Diameter: ~1mm
• Mounting Hole Diameter: ~2mm
• Mounting Hole Spacing (Centre to Centre): Long Side: ~65mm / Short Side: ~25mm
• PCB Dimensions: ~(30 x 70mm)
• PCB Thickness: ~1.5mm
The picture in the above figure (Figure 74A) shows all the components used to build the protoboard that connects to the photoelectric water sensor.
To do list
• Connector Series: XH
• Gender: Male
• Number of Rows: 1
• Pins Per Row: 3
• Pin Pitch: 2.5mm
• Mounting Style: Through-Hole, Straight
• Applicable PCB Thickness: 0.8 ~ 1.6mm
• Max Rated Voltage: 250V AC/DC
• Max Rated Current: 3A AC/DC
• Working Temperature Range: -25°C to +85°C
• Contact Resistance: ≤0.02 Ohms
• Body Material: Nylon 66
The top view of the protoboard.
The bottom view of the protoboard.
Figure 76-78 show how the Ultrasounic sensor that measures the water level and the water level sensor have been soldered onto the protoboard.
PVC Round Box 3 Way 20 mm
PVC Round Box 3 Way 20 mm
Figure 81 shows ultrasounic sensor thatmeasures the water tank level. It has been mounted on a piece of conduit piece in which I have run its connector cable.
The Analog Water Level Sensor FS-IR12 is a single-point photoelectric level sensor, widely used in the bath, environmental protection air conditioning, humidifier, water machine, coffee machine, water treatment, cleaning machine, watercrafts, household appliances, mechanical equipment, water level control, automation control system, and other fields and industries. It is small in size and low in cost, can be installed from any direction, and the waterproofing standard is IP67.
Product Features / SpecificationsManufacturer: EPTSZ – Shenzhen EPT Technology Co. Ltd
Part No: FS-IR12 (3-Wire Version)
Operating Voltage Range: 4.5V – 5.5VDC
Operating Current (Typical): 15mA In Water @ VDD=5VDC / 20mA In Air @ VDD=5VDC
Output Voltage (Typical): 0.3V In Water @ VDD=5VDC; Ta=25℃/ 4.83V In Air @ VDD=5VDC; Ta=25℃
Response Time (Typical): 100µs
Operating Temperature Range: -20℃ to +65℃
Operating Pressure Range: -10 to +10 Bar
Rated Operating Lifetime (Typical): 50, 000 Hours
IP Rating: IP67
Certifications: ISO9001 / RoHS / CE / CQC
Housing Material: PC
Cable Length: ~50cm
Connector: XH2.54mm-3P
Sensor Dimensions: See Datasheet
Infrared Liquid Level Sensor FS-IR12
Infrared Liquid Level Sensor FS-IR12
Infrared Liquid Level Sensor FS-IR12
To do list
Infrared Liquid Level Sensor FS-IR12
Female Pin Headers that connect the sensors to the nRF54L15 Development Kit via voltage level converters.
Female Pin Headers that connect the sensors to the nRF54L15 Development Kit via voltage level converters.
Female Pin Headers that connect the sensors to the nRF54L15 Development Kit via voltage level converters.
Female Pin Headers that connect the sensors to the nRF54L15 Development Kit via voltage level converters.
YF-S201 G1/2IN Hall Effect Flow Meter
Water flow sensor consists of magnetic core, rotating impeller, external casing and sensor and a hall-effect sensor. When water flows through the rotor, rotor rolls, it activates the magnetic core to trigger switch action speed changes with different rate of flow. The hall-effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse signals, users can get the flow speed via detecting the pulse. It is suitable to detect flow in water dispenser or coffee machine.
There are also lots of other water flow sensors in other diameters for your choice.
The water flow sensor outputs pulse proportional to the water flow with: Pulse Frequency = Flow *7.5. That is, if the output frequency is 48, then the water flow: 48/7.5= 6.4(L/min)
SpecificationsMini. Woking Voltage : DC 4.5V
Max. Working Current : 15mA(DC 5V)
Working Voltage : 5V~24V
Flow Rate Range : 1~30L/min
Load Capacity : ≤10mA(DC 5V)
Operating Temperature : ≤80°C
Liquid Temperature : ≤120°C
Operating Humidity : 35%~90%RH
Water Pressure : ≤2.0MPa
Storage Temperature : -25~+80°C
Storage Humidity : 25%~95%RH
To do list
The pictures in the following three Figures (Figure 80, 81 and 82) show the two 12V selonoid water valves that I'm using to control the inlet water supply from the main water tap and the outlet water tap from the water tank.
DN15 Solenoid Valve Normally Closed
DN15 Solenoid Valve Normally Closed
These DN15 Solenoid Valves are normally closed, which means they rest at closed until turned on and opened. Requiring 12V power, these valves boast stable functioning and are protected with IP00 index. You can install the DN15 Solenoid Valve into your G1/2” fitting pipework with confidence that it will hold a static pressure of 2.0MPa. High-sensitivity connectors are available to attach your valve to a water flow sensor, then in turn to an Arduino microprocessor. When it comes to DIY waterworks, the DN15 Solenoid is the perfect addition to automate your water flow control and get the most out of your greenhouse watering system, regulation of a limited water supply or maintenance of fisheries ponds.
Product Features / SpecificationsOperating Voltage: 12V
Operating Current: 0.42A
Valve Minimum Pressure: 0.02MPa
Valve Maximum Pressure: 0.8MPa
Valve Maximum Temperature: 60°C
Withstand Static Pressure: 2.0MPa
Protection: IP00
Weight: 116g
Dimensions: 70x57x45mm
Figure 83 shows how the cables that connect to the 12V solenoid water valves and the water flow sensor have been run in the conduit pipe. I have used this water flow sensor to detect the water supply from the main water supply tap to the water tank. Water supply takes place at night when community members are fast asleep. If there is water supply from the main water supply tap, the 12V solenoid water valve will be energized and open the valve so that water can be supplied to the water tank provided that the water tank is not filled to capacity. If the water tank is 100% full, the inlet water valve from the main water supply tap will not be energized. In this way water is automatically saved by not filling in the water tank that is already full.
The picture in Figure 84 shows the top side of the DC 12V power adapter that have used to test this project before installing it water tank. In the picture (Figure 85) below is the bottom view of the power adapter that shows the power ratings and other specifications.
Power Adapter Excellent Quality Short Circuit, Over Voltage and Over Current Protection. Meet CEC Energy Efficiency Level IV. Incredibly Low Fault Rates No Minimum Load. This power supply is a regulated Center Positive power supply and has a 2.1mm x 5.5mm Jack. Compact size and light weight. High Reliability. Regulated Stable Voltage. Good quality SMPS Based Adapter Power LED Monitor (LED Glow when in Use) Stabilized Output, low ripple and low interference Single Output Voltage High Efficiency and low energy consumption Input.
Product Features / Specifications• Part No: MX-1220 / MX-24W
• Power Supply Type: AC to DC Switch Mode
• Input Voltage Range: 100 – 240VAC (50 – 60Hz)
• Output Voltage: 12VDC
• Rated Output Current (Max): 2.0A
• Start-Up Time: < 1 Second (Input = 220VAC / Output Current = 10% Rated Current)
• Efficiency (Max): 85%
• Output Voltage Ripple: 100mVp-p
• Output Voltage Accuracy: ±5% (No Load)
• Output Voltage Regulation: 5%
• Load Regulation: 4%
• Temperature Coefficient: ±0.02% per ℃
• Isolation Rating: Input-Output, 2000V for 10 Seconds
• Isolation Resistance: Input-Output, 50MΩ 500VDC
• Built-in Protection: Overload Protection (105% ~ 150% Rated Power with Automatic Recovery) / Overvoltage Protection (115% ~ 135% Nominal Voltage)
• Certifications: CE
• Operating Temperature & Humidity: 0°C to +45°C / 20% to 90% RH
• Output Connector: Male DC Jack (5.5×2.5mm)
• Output Connector Polarity: Positive Center Pin, Negative Outer Body
• Barrel Length: ~10mm
• DC Cable Length: 1 Meter
• Dimensions: ~(81mm x 50mm x 70mm) (LxWxH) (Height includes plug pins)
##########################################################The Software UsedBoard ConfiguratorBoard Configurator can be used to update the configuration of Nordic Development kits (DKs), such as virtual COM ports, supply voltage, SWD and other options.
Board Configurator
The default VDDIO on the nRF54L15 Development Kit is 1.8V which is not compatible with many srnsors that use 3.3V. I had to change it from 1.8V to 3.3V before I connected external sensors.
Board Configurator
The picture in the above Figure shows how to disconnect power to the four LEDs on the board. I disconnected power to them before connecting the four GPIOS to the external LEDs.
Board Configurator
Command PromptCommand Prompt
Command Prompt
Command Prompt
Sublime TextSublime Text
Sublime Text
Sublime Text
Serial Terminal and DocklightI have used both the Serial Terminal and the Dockligh to debug this project.
Serial Terminal
Serial Terminal
Docklight
Docklight
##########################################################The TestsThe media files in this following Figures show some of the test procedures that I undertook to test the functionality of the peripherals of the uRF54L15 Development Kit and the external circuitry with which I interfaced the Dev Kit.
Logic Analyzer
Logic Analyzer
The USB Logic Analyzer Is A Powerful Tool For Analyzing Digital Signals With Up To 8 Channels. With Support For Sampling Rates Of Up To 24MHZ, It Can Capture And Display Detailed Signal Data Quickly And Accurately. It Connects Easily To A Computer Via USB.
Product Features / SpecificationsUSB power supply
Sampling rate up to 24MHz, configurable down to 20kHz
Sampling Rate Settings: 24MHz, 16MHz, 12MHz, 8MHz, 4MHz, 2MHz, 1MHz, 500kHz, 250kHz, 200kHz, 100kHz, 50kHz, 25kHz
Input Channels: 8
Maximum voltage input: 5.25V
Minimum logic-high: 2.0V
Maximum logic-low: 0.8V
Input impedance: > 100kΩ, 5pF
Cross-platform support: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android, etc.
Dimensions: 54.7 x 27.4 x 14.1mm
Input Channel Rating: 5pF, 100k Ohm
The video in the above
The videos in the above Figures (Test Video 1 and Test Video 2) show the test of the ultrasounic sensor that measures the water level of the water tank. The capacity of the water tank is 5700L and its depth is approximately 180 centimeters. When the water tank is empty, the ultrasounic sensor measures 180cm. When it's full it measures approximately less than 10cm.
The Test Video 03 is a test of the GPIOs using a Logic Analyzer.
The Test Video 03 and Test Video 04 show the testing of the General Purpose Input Output pins of the nrf54L15 Development Kit. Some of the pins that I have used in this project are available without modifications. I had to cut and solder Short Bridges (SBs) to make these GPIOS available to be used as General Purpose Input Output pins. Before I could use them in my project I had to test them using a Logic Analyzer.
The video in the Test Video 05 is a testing of the Relays, LEDs and the Buzzer.
The Test Video 05 and 06 in the above two Figures demonstrate the tests of the 4 Channel Relay Board, the 3, 3V Buzzer and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) that I have used to indicate the status of the 12V selonoid water valves, water tank level, ultrasounic sensors and the PIR sensor.
The Test Video 07 in the above Figure shows the connections of the main switch, DC Jack Socket Panel Mount and the Fuse Holder Panel Mount.
The video in the Test Video 08 shows the test of my A Smart Solar-Powered Water Tank Tap Controller IoT Project using an external 12V/2A power adapter. This power power adapter can deliver up to 24 watts of power to the whole project. This power is enough given the fact that the 12V solenoid water valves are not always ON and they are normally closed. They only consume power when they are open. The nRF54L15 is a Low Power Development Kit, it does not consume a lot of power. Many of the components in this are energy efficient.
Tests
Tests
Tests
Tests
Tests
Tests
Tests
##########################################################The Mobile ApplicationMobile Application
Mobile Application
Mobile Application
Mobile Application
##########################################################The Final Working ProjectThe following are the deployment pictures of the final working working project that I have thus far implanted. As you can in the pictures, it has been deployed in a deep rural areas in one of the poorest of provinces in South Africa.
The video in Figure 129 demonstrates how the Smart Solar-Powered Water Tank Level and Tap Monitor IoT Project in the rural areas works when installed on a water tank.
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
Deployment Picture
The pictures in the above Figure show the deployment that I did on my family water tank in the back yard. I used it to test functionality of my project. However, I'm going to further develop this project in order to scale and have it installed installed on many water tanks in my community and many other communities in the rural areas of this region as outlined in my proposal.
##########################################################Future PlansThe following pictures outline one or two of my future plans that I'm going to implement in my future project.
Figure 147 and 148 show the top and bottom views of the OLED Display that I'm going to use to display different status of the device. This display uses an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication protocol to communicate with the microcontroller. It is a 128x64 pixels display, which is big enough to accommodate the use of many different fonts and graphics.
One of future plans for this project is to use an OLED Display to show water tank level in percentages (%), the status of the two water valves (Closed and Open), Connectivity Status to a Bluetooth Low Energy device (in this my case it will be a peripheral device because my project acts as a central device. I will design a custom printed circuit board (PCB). I realized it after I had ordered the enclosure that it was not as simple as thought to fit everything in a 190x110x60mm enclosure. In my second version, I'm my 3D printed custom enclosure after designing the PCB.
##########################################################ConclusionI have taken this as an opportunity to learn and develop my skills in the world of embedded systems design in open source hardware community. I am really looking forward to further developing this project to fully fledged working product that is going to help community members in the rural areas of Limpopo province in this region. This is not only going to be deployed in my community but also other parts of the world where there is a need. I still have a lot to further to implement it further. They say " Rome was not built in a day."
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