Published November 16, 2020 © LGPL

Entangled Qubits Simulator with Arduino

It is a visual representation of qubits entangled or not. Qubits are simulated with an Arduino firmware, by a biased randomness & collapsed.

IntermediateFull instructions provided1 hour2,744

Things used in this project

Hardware components

ELK-COGITI Material Para Curso COGITI

ELK-COGITI Material Para Curso COGITI This is material for a course of collegiated engineers in Galicia (Spain) mainly. The kit cotaines a lot of components, not all necessary. In case someone prefers to buy components separately, I suggest the ones bellow

LED (generic)

ELEGOO 130pcs Solderless Flexible Breadboard Jumper Wires 4 Different Lengths Male To Male

Tactile Switch, Top Actuated

To stop/resume the firmaware qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020.ino

Resistor 221 ohm

220-390 ohm

Arduino UNO

Breadboard (generic)

Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE

Story

Entanglement

I was curious about quantum computing and wanted to see what was all about. I learned some basics. I realize that superposition was similar to a biased randomness and that entangled can be represented with a formula which relates two qubits :

correlated ? (bQubit = aQubit = (aCollapse ? collapse(aPercentOne) : collapse(bPercentOne))) : (correlated = 0); //qubits entangled

Qubits are like bits but can be at the same time a percentage of |0> and a percentage (until 100% in total) of |1>. If they are entangled, the one that collapses first, "drags" the other to the same state or the contrary, depending on how are they correlated. I use the words correlated and entanglement indistinctly.

Superposition

For simulated superposition we need biased aleatoriness, For creating true randomness we need a "seed" based on analog pin A0 or any other.

randomSeed(analogRead(A0));

If we created a randomness which starts and finish different of 0 and 200 we biased the behavior of qubits. That provides overlap very similar to the real one.

//Ex. percent of be a one: 25%
bool collapse(int percentOne) {
int percentZero = 100 - percentOne;
return random(100 - percentZero, 100 + percentOne) > 100 ? 1 : 0;
}

qubit_entangled.ino firmware

For representing the quantum bits, you can use LEDs.

Once loaded the first program, qubit_entangled.ino, It is important to open the Serial Monitor and answer the questions asked:

Percentages of being a one of both qubits
If they are entangled
Which qubit collapse first.

Before, you can mount the circuit:

It not necessary to use the button and the third LED for this example of code.

qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020 firmware

This second code what does is a operation with two pair of three qubits. Although we do not use instructions of quantum computing, we use AND an OR operations that have an equivalence in other similar in quantum computing.

This firmware requires the three LEDs-Qubits and the button to stop/resume the program

Serial Monitor

Conclusion

With each firmware, we can see the behavior of qubits depending on the percentages of being |1> and |0> of each one. LEDs also provide a better comprehension. And Serial Monitor helps. And I think that the set simulates very well qubits using only Arduino.

I have not pretend being exact but creative in all case.

Possible Bettering

In my opinion we could use a joystick for change the percentage of being |0> and consequently of being |1> of two qubits in real time, so learn speedily how affects the final collapses. A joystick would no more that two potentiometers, one dedicated for each qubit.

Code

/*qbits are in superposition and can be entangled (correlated)
 * We substitute superposition by biased randomness and entanglement by a depending equation
*/
int aPercentOne, bPercentOne;
int aQubit, bQubit; //qubits
bool aCollapse, bCollapse;
String collapsed;
String entangled;
int correlated; //0: not correlated, 1: correlated, 2 error;
bool error;
#define doNothing 2
#define LEDq2 6 //they represent the state of qubits
#define LEDq1 7

void setup() {
  randomSeed(analogRead(A0));
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  //ask parametres by Serial Monitor
  Serial.print("\nProbabillity of first qubit of being a 1.  0%-100%:");
  while (!Serial.available()) {};
  aPercentOne = Serial.readString().toInt();
  printQubit(aPercentOne);
  
  Serial.print("Probablillity of second qubit of being a 1.  0%-100%:");
  while (!Serial.available()) {};
  bPercentOne = Serial.readString().toInt();
  printQubit(bPercentOne);
  //qubits entangled
  do {
    Serial.print("Are those qubits entangled? Y/N:");
    while (!Serial.available()) {};
    entangled = Serial.readString();
    entangled.trim();
    correlated = (entangled == "Y" || entangled == "y") ? 1 : ((entangled == "N" || entangled == "n") ? 0 : doNothing) ;
  } while (correlated == doNothing);
  Serial.print(" ");
  correlated ? Serial.println("Qubits ENTANGLED") : Serial.println("not entangled");
  if (correlated) {
    Serial.print("Both qubits are entangled. Which qubit collapses firts? A/B:");
    while (!Serial.available()) {};
    collapsed = Serial.readString();
    collapsed.trim(); //do not forget
    collapsed.toLowerCase();
    Serial.print(" ");
    Serial.println(collapsed);
    aCollapse = collapsed == "a" ? 1 : 0;
    bCollapse = collapsed == "b" ? 1 : 0;
  }
}

void loop() {
  //the following are the most interested formulas of the present firmware
  //collapse qubits and show with LEDs
  //entangled, use the same formula
  correlated ? (bQubit = aQubit = (aCollapse ? collapse(aPercentOne) : collapse(bPercentOne))) : (correlated = 0); //qubits entangled
  //not entangled, use different formulas
  !correlated ? aQubit = collapse(aPercentOne) : doNothing; //if not entangled collapse
  !correlated ? bQubit = collapse(bPercentOne) : doNothing; //if not entangled collapse
  //show by Serial Monitor
  Serial.print("ba = ");
  Serial.print(bQubit); digitalWrite(LEDq2, bQubit); //present the qubits by Serial Monitor and visually
  //show by LEDs
  Serial.println(aQubit); digitalWrite(LEDq1, aQubit);
  delay(1000);
}
//Ex. percent of be a one: 25%
bool collapse(int percentOne) {
  int percentZero = 100 - percentOne;
  return random(100 - percentZero, 100 + percentOne) > 100 ? 1 : 0;
}

void printQubit(int percentOne){
  
  Serial.println();
  //when qubits are |0> or |1>
  if (percentOne == 0 || percentOne == 100) {
    percentOne == 100 ? Serial.println("|1>") : doNothing;
    percentOne == 0 ? Serial.println("|0>") : doNothing;
  }
  else {
  Serial.print("((√");
  Serial.print(100-percentOne); //print percentages of first qubit
  Serial.print(")/10)|0> + ");
  Serial.print("((√");
  Serial.print(percentOne);
  Serial.println(")/10)|1>\n");
  }
}

/* OR (or AND) of six qubits (in subsets of 3,)without entanglemet, and that then they collapse
 *  Superposition is substituited by a biased random
 * Author: Jose Romaní, from Vigo (Galicia, Spain)
 * site: https://sites.google.com/view/pi9hmb
 * 
 * for example:
 * q0 12% of being 1, 88% of being 0
 * q1 30% of being 1, 70% of being 0
 * q2 75% of being 1, 25% of being 0
 * 
 * q3 50% of being 1, 50% of being 0
 * q4 25% of being 1, 75% of being 0
 * q5 60% of being 1, 40% of being 0
 * 
 * find out the probabilities of every combination
 * test 100 or 1000 measures to see what happens
 * q52 q41 q30 measures=1000(OR)  measures=1000 (AND)
 * 0   0    0      2.7%                    44%
 * 0   0    1      1.6%                   2.0%
 * 0   1    0      0.9%                   2.9%
 * 0   1    1      1.5%                     0%
 * 1   0    0     27.6%                  46.1%
 * 1   0    1     20.4%                     2%
 * 1   1    0     25.6%                     3%
 * 1   1    1     19.7%                     0%
 */


const int measures = 100; //number of loop repetitions. 100 Or 1000 for example.
int q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5; //Qubits
int q52, q41, q30; //q52 is the result of an OR between q5 and q2. It is only a notation of mine
int q52q41q30; //qubits resulting of the OR 
int percentOneQ0, percentOneQ1, percentOneQ2; //percentages
int percentOneQ3, percentOneQ4, percentOneQ5; //percentages
int j = 0;
//define a operation to apply
#define OPERATION_OR_bitwise |
#define OPERATION_AND_bitwise &
#define OPERATION OPERATION_OR_bitwise //for an AND substitute by OPERATION_AND_bit &
#define doNothing 2
int number000;
int number001;
int number010;
int number011;
int number100;
int number101;
int number110;
int number111;
#define LEDq52 6
#define LEDq41 7
#define LEDq30 8
#define BUTTON 2  //stop/resume the firmware
volatile bool state = false;
void setup() {
  pinMode(LEDq52, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LEDq41, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LEDq30, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(LEDq52, LOW); //LEDs OFF
  digitalWrite(LEDq41, LOW);
  digitalWrite(LEDq30, LOW);
  pinMode(BUTTON, INPUT_PULLUP); //stops/resume the firmware
  
  randomSeed(analogRead(A0)); //Inicialize random
  Serial.begin(115200);
  //Stop until a key is pressed
  Serial.println("Introduce any text to start and pulse key \"return\"\n");
  while(!Serial.available()){}
  delay(500);
  percentOneQ0 = 12; //12% of being 1
  percentOneQ1 = 30;
  percentOneQ2 = 75;
  percentOneQ3 = 50; //50% of being 1
  percentOneQ4 = 25;
  percentOneQ5 = 60;

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(BUTTON), changeState, RISING);
  state = false;//put after attachInterrupt, if not, it stops the firmware
  Serial.println("q52q41q130:");
}

void loop() {
  if (state){
    //switch off LEDs
    digitalWrite(LEDq30, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LEDq41, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LEDq52, LOW); 
    delay(100);
    return;
  } 
  //collapse
  q0 = (random(percentOneQ0, 100 + percentOneQ0) > 100) ? 1 : 0; //qubit collapsed
  q1 = (random(percentOneQ1, 100 + percentOneQ1) > 100) ? 1 : 0;
  q2 = (random(percentOneQ2, 100 + percentOneQ2) > 100) ? 1 : 0;
  
  q3 = (random(percentOneQ0, 100 + percentOneQ3) > 100) ? 1 : 0; //qubit collapsed
  q4 = (random(percentOneQ1, 100 + percentOneQ4) > 100) ? 1 : 0;
  q5 = (random(percentOneQ2, 100 + percentOneQ5) > 100) ? 1 : 0;

  //OR between the two groups of qubits
  //Intention is that they do not collapse until now, with the randoms and percentages
  //A biased random is similar to a superposition
//q30 = q3 OPERATION q0
//q41 = q4 OPERATION q1
//q52 = q5 OPERATION q2
  q30 = ((random(percentOneQ0, 100 + percentOneQ3) > 100) ? 1 : 0) OPERATION ((random(percentOneQ0, 100 + percentOneQ0) > 100) ? 1 : 0);
  q41 = ((random(percentOneQ1, 100 + percentOneQ4) > 100) ? 1 : 0) OPERATION ((random(percentOneQ1, 100 + percentOneQ1) > 100) ? 1 : 0);
  q52 = ((random(percentOneQ2, 100 + percentOneQ5) > 100) ? 1 : 0) OPERATION ((random(percentOneQ2, 100 + percentOneQ2) > 100) ? 1 : 0);
  //final state
  q52q41q30 = (q30 | (q41 << 1)) | (q52 << 2); //all qubits together;
  
  //Show state with LED
  digitalWrite(LEDq30, q30);
  digitalWrite(LEDq41, q41);
  digitalWrite(LEDq52, q52);

  
  printQubits();
  addRepetitions();
  printRepetitions();
  
  j++;
  Serial.println(j); //number of loops
  if (j >= measures){ //repeat n times
    digitalWrite(LEDq52, LOW); //LEDs OFF
    digitalWrite(LEDq41, LOW);
    digitalWrite(LEDq30, LOW);
    while (1); //stop the process
  }
}


void printQubits() {
  
  //print on serial monitor all the three collapsed qubits
  Serial.print(q52q41q30 >> 2);
  Serial.print((q52q41q30 & B010) >> 1);
  Serial.println(q52q41q30 & B001);
  delay(1000);
}

void printRepetitions(){ //counts number of collapsed qubits repetitions
  Serial.print("000: ");
  Serial.print(number000);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("001: ");
  Serial.print(number001);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("010: ");
  Serial.print(number010);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("011: ");
  Serial.print(number011);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("100: ");
  Serial.print(number100);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("101: ");
  Serial.print(number101);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("110: ");
  Serial.print(number110);
  Serial.print("   ");
  Serial.print("111: ");
  Serial.print(number111);
  Serial.println();
}

void addRepetitions() {
  q52q41q30 == B000 ? number000++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B001 ? number001++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B010 ? number010++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B011 ? number011++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B100 ? number100++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B101 ? number101++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B110 ? number110++ : doNothing;
  q52q41q30 == B111 ? number111++ : doNothing;
}

void changeState(){
  state = !state;
}

Credits

Jose Romaní

8 projects • 4 followers

Industrial Technical Engineer in Electronics and Automation

Entangled Qubits Simulator with Arduino

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Entanglement

Superposition

qubit_entangled.ino firmware

qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020 firmware

Conclusion

Possible Bettering

Schematics

LEDs and button with Arduino Uno

Code

qubit_entangled.ino

qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020

Credits

Jose Romaní

Comments

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Entangled Qubits Simulator with Arduino

Entangled Qubits Simulator with Arduino

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Story

Entanglement

Superposition

qubit_entangled.ino firmware

qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020 firmware

Conclusion

Possible Bettering

Schematics

LEDs and button with Arduino Uno

Code

qubit_entangled.ino

qubits_six_OR_nov10_2020

Credits

Jose Romaní

Comments

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