Published July 10, 2017 © GPL3+

An Urban Plant Watering Solution

This is an automatic system controlled by an Arduino 101 that improves plant quality in our modern, urban society.

IntermediateFull instructions provided2 hours28,336

3rd PLACE Student

Earth Day: Planet Pulse

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Soil Moisture Sensor

Any soil moisture sensor with analog output can be used. Two electrodes and a voltage divider could be used as well. THESE ARE OPTIONAL.

Rain Sensor

Milk Jug

Any container that can hold water, be cut, and be secured to a surface will do. This should be mounted on an elevated surface.

Soft plastic flexible hollow tubing

Any kind of tubing will do. I used a skipping rope with the ends cut off, as it is very flexible and the center is hollow.

Jumper wires (generic)

More or less.

SparkFun Inventor's Kit for Arduino 101

I used the Arduino 101, servo, breadboard, potentiometer, and LCD.

Modeling Clay

Short plastic rod

Or any non-flexible rod. This is used to support the outlet pipe of the water tank.

Resistor 330 ohm

Software apps and online services

Nordic Semiconductor nRF Connect SDK

Arduino IDE

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Scissors

Phillips Screwdriver

Electrical Tape

and also regular tape.

Story

The servo arm watering the plant.

This device improves plant irrigation in urban environments. Powered by an Arduino 101, it uses on-board tools along with a few external sensors to calculate optimum conditions for watering plants in its own environment, and then waters the plant itself at the calculated time.

It is based on the following concepts:

Gravity and Pressure

This device taps its water source from a reservoir, which I made using a milk jug, plastic tubing, clay for sealant of the tubing, and a servo. This container is positioned in such a way that, aside from being elevated, it can collect rainwater from above the device.

Position of the reservoir jug on the elevated surface, in this case a bench.

The jug is filled primarily by a household water supply (due to rain not always being available), but is supplemented by rainwater. When water is present in the jug, the attractive force of gravity pulls the water toward the Earth inside the jug. A hole is cut in the base of the jug to allow insertion of an exit pipe. The force of gravity thus pulls water through this exit pipe. The servo regulates when water is allowed to fully exit the pipe. Under normal circumstances the servo arm is in an upright position, which prevents water from flowing out the pipe. When watering the plant, however, the arm lowers by 135 degrees, thus allowing water to flow out of the pipe and irrigate plants. The arm raises back up once this is complete.

The pressure of the water against the jug not only assists the stability of the jug, but helps with the exit of water as well, allowing a continuous flow of water during irrigation.

TMP36 Temperature Sensor and the Intel Curie Pattern Matching Engine

This combination of concepts helps to drive the calculation that determines the optimum time for watering plants. The TMP36 is a temperature sensor that operates like a thermometer, but with an electronic analog output. This output can be read by a device, such as a microcontroller, and converted to a temperature. In this project, the device attempts to calculate the optimum time for watering plants, which is closest to 25 degrees Celsius. It makes 30 records per hour, at intervals of two minutes, and at the end of each period calculates the average of 29 of these (excluding the first, as it usually is inaccurate). This is where the Pattern Matching Engine comes in.

The location of the TMP36 on the device.

The Intel Curie PME, or pattern-matching engine, is an artificial neural network built into the Arduino 101. Its libraries are available on GitHub. Composed of 128 neurons, it is able to learn and classify data, saved in vectors, based on existing data, or vectors classified into categories. The more categories available, the more options for classification can be pursued by the PME.

For this project, the PME records temperature data over the course of a day and attempts to classify the optimum condition, 25 degrees Celsius, amongst this data. The result becomes the next day's time for watering the plant.

Data is recorded every hour from 8 am to 9 pm. The first time that this is done, the data will be saved onto the Onboard Serial Flash. This will allow the device to boot to a dataset even if it has been turned off. After obtaining the dataset, it attempts to classify the optimum conditions. If it is able to do so, then the category selected becomes the hour used for the next round. If not, then the device will use monthly constants, or the time of day each month that temperatures are highest. It should be noted that these aren't always the best temperatures for watering plants, which is why I utilized the PME.

After the first learning session, the data is cleared and relearned the next day, with the plant being watered at the chosen hour. This cycle repeats infinitely, or until the device is disconnected from power, at which when turned on again it uses the saved parameters as the selected hour and keeps on going.

Intel Curie Real-Time Clock and Bluetooth Low Energy

The Intel Curie RTC, or real-time clock, is a crucial component of this device. The RTC controls when everything on the device occurs. For this project, the RTC is especially essential in keeping track of the hour, used for watering the plant and when to record data, and the month, used to determine the backup peak temperature constants. However, the precise date for this RTC needs to be set manually, either in code or by user input. This was solved with BLE.

Location of the on-board BLE antenna.

Bluetooth Low Energy is a newer version of Bluetooth that is designed for low-power devices. It operates on a central-peripheral system, where a central, or input, writes to peripherals, or outputs. This acts more like a bulletin board system, where the central places data on a bulletin for all the peripherals to read. In this case, I used nRF Connect by Nordic Semiconductor on my mobile device as the central, and the Arduino 101 as a peripheral. The mobile device has the ability to connect to the Arduino and send data to it. In this case, the mobile device needs to send data four times, once for each of the required input fields.

The data input on the mobile device is typed in hexadecimal. This is fairly easy to convert from base 10, but an online converter can be used.

How to Build

Building this irrigation solution requires a bit of circuitry knowledge, but not too much. It also requires a few non-electrical components to finish. Here is the complete parts list:

Electric Components

Arduino 101

400 tie breadboard, with +- rails

Rotary potentiometer

16x2 LCD

330 Ohm resistor

TMP36 temperature sensor

180 degree servo, with servo horn

Rain Sensor and control board

Soil Moisture Sensor and control board (optional, hardware included as a reference)

A sizeable amount of jumper wires; see the Fritzing diagram

To run on batteries (may not last too long; the setup I used):

2X 4xAA battery boxes with on/off switch and wire leads

8X AA 1.2V NiMH rechargeable batteries

To run on USB power, from either a wall wart or a laptop:

USB Male A - Male B cable, the length of which depends on your needs

Non-Electric Hardware Components

Milk jug

Flexible plastic tubing, about 20-30 cm long

Modeling clay, hot glue, or anything that can be used as sealant

Plastic rod, to support the tubing arm

Craft basket, to hold the device

Elevated surface to hold the jug, i.e. a small bench or a table

A plant

Tools

Tape, both regular and electric

Scissors

Phillips screwdriver, to attach the servo horn to the servo

Steps

1. Build the circuit according to the Fritzing diagram below. Please note that the soil moisture sensors are optional, and that the rain sensor and servo may need to have longer wires to reach desired locations. See the second photo below for the final arrangement of the circuit.

Circuit diagram for the device. Snapshot of Fritzing page.

Final routing of cables. Group the soil sensors, rain sensor, and servo cables together and route left.

2. (Skip to step 5 if using USB power). Insert batteries into the two battery boxes and tie the positive lead of one box and the negative lead of the other together.

Wires of the two boxes tied and taped together.

3. Tape the boxes together using electrical tape. Secure the boxes so that the covers of both are attached and the cases of both are attached, and the cover is removable as one piece. Leave slots open for the power switches.

4. Tape the dual cover of the battery box to the underside of the Arduino 101 and breadboard. This will enable the batteries to be replaced easily by sliding them out from underneath the board.

The batteries attached to the underside of the Arduino and breadboard.

5. Insert the device into the craft basket and cut two slots on one side of the device. The first slot will be for programming (or USB power if you choose to do so), and the second will be an outlet for the sensors and actuators not located on the device. Feel free to use electrical tape to secure loose wires together in this outlet.

The slots on the side of the craft basket. Wires are routed in the rightmost slot, and USB in the left.

6. Take a milk jug and cut off the top so the jug has a large enough opening to collect water and a large enough capacity to be reliable. I recommend the cut be somewhere close to the base of the handle.

7. Cut a small hole in the base of the jug directly underneath the largest part of the opening in the top of the jug. Insert one end of the plastic tubing into this hole. Make sure the hole is small enough that the pipe stays in position, but large enough that it doesn't squeeze the pipe.

The cut on the top and bottom of the jug.

8. Use the clay to seal the top and bottom areas around the pipe in the hole. Make sure the clay doesn't get into the pipe itself.

9. Using the clay and electrical tape, secure the servo as low to the base of the milk jug as possible. Tape the middle of the tube and a plastic rod to the servo horn. Make sure the plastic rod is also taped to the upper end of the tube. Use the picture below as a reference for steps 8 to 10.

10. Secure the jug onto the elevated surface. Use tape if necessary.

Position of the servo arm and the jug on the elevated surface. The pipe is routed to the base of the jug.

11. Place a plant just underneath the tube outlet when in lowered position. Stick the moisture sensors into the soil if you are using them, and place the rain sensor close to the plant along the floor. Plug the sensors and servo into the device, with the device placed somewhat further away from the jug and plant.

Programming

Program the Arduino 101 with the attached code. Upload using the Arduino IDE and Curie Core 2.0.2 or higher (if available). Lots of helpful comments are included in the code.

Device Operation

When the device is first turned on, it will wait for a mobile device to be connected. Once a device is connected using nRF Connect, it will wait for time input. To do this, sequentially type in the hex codes for the base 10 hour, minute, day, and month in order into nRF Connect as shown in the diagram below.

An ID input, or any number, must be typed in and sent before inputting the times.

The stages of nRF Connect to connect to the Arduino 101.

After typing in the time, the 101 will wait for the mobile device to disconnect. After it does so, it will wait for 8 am, either the current day or the next.

Upon reaching 8 am, the board will check to see if it has anything saved in the flash memory storage. If not, then it will go through the 14 hour collection process as described earlier, and then classify the data and determine the optimum time, at which point it will repeat the collection cycle. If something is stored, then that data is used as the hour constant and cycles continue as normal.

During the times at which the board waters the plant, the presence of rain or an excess of soil moisture (optional) will prevent the plant from being watered. It will then skip the watering for the day and wait for the next.

Plant-watering!

This solution is designed to make urban plant irrigation simpler and more optimized by employing an automatic setup to take care of this. It also conserves rainwater along with existing house supplies by using a reservoir, which puts rain not directed at the plants to good use.

Hopefully this project will make our ever-changing world a slightly better place!

Code

Arduino 101 Irrigation System

/*
This is a sketch for an urban irrigation solution.
It uses the CuriePME to learn temperature data and classify the optimum plant-watering condition against it.
It then waters the plant at that time and relearns the data, cycling infinitely.

Please note that this sketch MUST BE RUN BEFORE 8 am of the target day to start the device.

Data sources:

"WeatherSpark.com." Average Weather in Vancouver, Canada, Year Round - Weather Spark. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 July 2017. <https://weatherspark.com/y/476/Average-Weather-in-Vancouver-Canada>.
"Just 4 Growers: Global Garden Community." Just For Growers. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 July 2017. <http://www.just4growers.com/stream/temperature-humidity-and-c02/understanding-the-optimum-temperature-for-plants.aspx>. 
*/
// Libraries for use with this code. All of them except CuriePME can be found in the ide. CuriePME can be downloaded from the GitHub repository.
#include "CuriePME.h"
#include <CurieBLE.h>
#include <CurieTime.h>
#include <SerialFlash.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <Servo.h>

// Servo pinout code.
Servo waterPipe;
// LCD pinout code.
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);


// Global constants/variables.
#define thermometer  A3
#define rainSensor  1
#define humidity1  A4
#define humidity2  A1


int tm1;
int tm2;
int tm3;
int tm4;
int tm5;
int tm6;
int tm7;
int tm8;
int tm9;
int tm10;
int tm11;
int tm12;
int tm13;
int tm14;
int tm15;
int tm16;
int tm17;
int tm18;
int tm19;
int tm20;
int tm21;
int tm22;
int tm23;
int tm24;
int tm25;
int tm26;
int tm27;
int tm28;
int tm29;
int tm30;
int average;
int progav;
float voltage;
float temperatureC;
int tm;
int hourTime = -1;
int minuteTime = -1;
int dayTime = -1;
int monthTime = -1;
int confirmTime = -1;
// BLE service data.
BLEService plantService("19B10000-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214");

// BLE characteristic, readable/writable by central.
BLEUnsignedCharCharacteristic timeCharacteristic("19B10001-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214", BLERead | BLEWrite);




void setup() {  // This runs once.
  waterPipe.attach(9);
  waterPipe.write(0);
  pinMode(rainSensor, INPUT);
  lcd.begin(16, 2); // Begin and clear the LCD.
  lcd.clear();
  if (!SerialFlash.begin(ONBOARD_FLASH_SPI_PORT, ONBOARD_FLASH_CS_PIN));
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Input Time: BLE");
  // Initialize the BLE service with name, service, characteristic, and characteristic value.
  BLE.begin();
  BLE.setLocalName("Arduino 101");
  BLE.setAdvertisedService(plantService);
  plantService.addCharacteristic(timeCharacteristic);
  BLE.addService(plantService);
  timeCharacteristic.setValue(0); // 0 until written by central.
  BLE.advertise();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("Waiting"); // Ready to connect.
x:
  BLEDevice central = BLE.central();

  if (central) { // If a device links to the board.
    lcd.setCursor(8, 1);
    lcd.print(" Done");
    delay(3000);
    while (central.connected()) { // While the device is still connected.

      if (timeCharacteristic.written()) {
        // Code that sequentially fills up all the time variable slots after each byte is sent from the device. Data is sent four times, plus one for confirmation of link.
        if (confirmTime == -1) {
          confirmTime = timeCharacteristic.value();
        }
        else if (hourTime == -1) {
          hourTime = timeCharacteristic.value();
        }
        else if (minuteTime == -1)
        {
          minuteTime = timeCharacteristic.value();
        }
        else if (dayTime == -1)
        {
          dayTime = timeCharacteristic.value();
        }
        else if (monthTime == -1)
        {
          monthTime = timeCharacteristic.value();
          lcd.clear();
          lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
          lcd.print("Time set.");
          lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
          lcd.print("Disconnect device.");

        }

      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    goto x; // Loop back if a device isn't connected yet.
  }
  // Set the time with the collected variables. Seconds and year do not matter for this system.
  setTime(hourTime, minuteTime, 00, dayTime, monthTime, 2017);

  // Initialize the PME.
  lcd.clear();
  CuriePME.begin();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Checking for save.");
  delay(3000);
  const char *filename = "NeurData.dat";
  if (check_if_exists(filename) == true)
  {
    restoreNetworkKnowledge();
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print("Found!");
    delay(3000);
    lcd.clear();
    goto z;
  }
  else
  {
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print("Not found!");
    delay(3000);
    lcd.clear();
  }
  /*
    The remaining portion of setup collects temperature data over the course of the day.
    It makes 30 checks per hour, spaced at 2 minute intervals, and at the end of the hour it takes an average of the hour's data
    by finding the arithmetic mean of all the data except for the first scan.
    This mean is then put into the PME and learned.
    This repeats from 8 am to 9 pm, at which point the full dataset learned by the PME is saved into the CurieFlash memory as a default
    for if and when the device loses power or needs to be restarted.
  */
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Learning");
  for (int i = 8; i < 22; i++) // Repeat this 14 times, each saving under a different category.
  {
    // Collect 30 pieces of temperature data, saved as an int mapped between 0 and 255.
    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm1 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(114000); // Compensate for check delay above.

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm2 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm3 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm4 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm5 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm6 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm7 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm8 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm9 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm10 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm11 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm12 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm13 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm14 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm15 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    // During the first learning period, plant watering will be done at the peak of the temperatures for that month.
    if ((month() == 1 || month() == 2 || month() == 11 || month() == 12) && hour() == 12)
    {
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running..."); // Water the plant if it is not raining and soil moisture is low enough.
      int readRain = digitalRead(rainSensor);
      if (readRain == HIGH)
      {
        lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd.print("Raining right now.");
        goto a2;
      }
      // Uncomment to use moisture sensors.
      //else if (analogRead(humidity1) > 400 || analogRead(humidity2) > 400) // Adjust these to match your soil.
      //{
      //lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      //lcd.print("Soil too moist.");
      //goto a2;
      //}
      else
      {
        waterPipe.write(135);
        delay(7000); // Water for 7 seconds.
        waterPipe.write(0);
      }
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Done");
a2:
      delay(3000);
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
    }
    else if ((month() == 3 || month() == 4 || month() == 10) && hour() == 14)
    {
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running...");
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running..."); // Water the plant if it is not raining and soil moisture is low enough.
      int readRain = digitalRead(rainSensor);
      if (readRain == HIGH)
      {
        lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd.print("Raining right now.");
        goto a31;
      }
      // Uncomment to use moisture sensors.
      //else if (analogRead(humidity1) > 400 || analogRead(humidity2) > 400) // Adjust these to match your soil.
      //{
      //lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      //lcd.print("Soil too moist.");
      //goto a31;
      //}
      else
      {
        waterPipe.write(135);
        delay(7000); // Water for 7 seconds.
        waterPipe.write(0);
      }
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Done");
a31:
      delay(3000);
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
    }
    else if ((month() == 5 || month() == 6 || month() == 9) && hour() == 15)
    {
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running...");
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running..."); // Water the plant if it is not raining and soil moisture is low enough.
      int readRain = digitalRead(rainSensor);
      if (readRain == HIGH)
      {
        lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd.print("Raining right now.");
        goto a3;
      }
      // Uncomment to use moisture sensors.
      //else if (analogRead(humidity1) > 400 || analogRead(humidity2) > 400) // Adjust these to match your soil.
      //{
      //lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      //lcd.print("Soil too moist.");
      //goto a3;
      //}
      else
      {
        waterPipe.write(135);
        delay(7000); // Water for 7 seconds.
        waterPipe.write(0);
      }
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Done");
a3:
      delay(3000);
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
    }
    else if ((month() == 7 || month() == 8) && hour() == 16)
    {
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running...");
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running..."); // Water the plant if it is not raining and soil moisture is low enough.
      int readRain = digitalRead(rainSensor);
      if (readRain == HIGH)
      {
        lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd.print("Raining right now.");
        goto a4;
      }
      // Uncomment to use moisture sensors.
      //else if (analogRead(humidity1) > 400 || analogRead(humidity2) > 400) // Adjust these to match your soil.
      //{
      //lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      //lcd.print("Soil too moist.");
      //goto a4;
      //}
      else
      {
        waterPipe.write(135);
        delay(7000); // Water for 7 seconds.
        waterPipe.write(0);
      }
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Done");
a4:
      delay(3000);
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
    }

    delay(110000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm16 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm17 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm18 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm19 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm20 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm21 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm22 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm23 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm24 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm25 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm26 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm27 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm28 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm29 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm30 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    // Reconvert the data to the temperature sensor's specifications.
    tm1 = map(tm1, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm1 = constrain(tm1, -40, 125);
    tm2 = map(tm2, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm2 = constrain(tm2, -40, 125);
    tm3 = map(tm3, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm3 = constrain(tm3, -40, 125);
    tm4 = map(tm4, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm4 = constrain(tm4, -40, 125);
    tm5 = map(tm5, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm5 = constrain(tm5, -40, 125);
    tm6 = map(tm6, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm6 = constrain(tm6, -40, 125);
    tm7 = map(tm7, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm7 = constrain(tm7, -40, 125);
    tm8 = map(tm8, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm8 = constrain(tm8, -40, 125);
    tm9 = map(tm9, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm9 = constrain(tm9, -40, 125);
    tm10 = map(tm10, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm10 = constrain(tm10, -40, 125);
    tm11 = map(tm11, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm11 = constrain(tm11, -40, 125);
    tm12 = map(tm12, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm12 = constrain(tm12, -40, 125);
    tm13 = map(tm13, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm13 = constrain(tm13, -40, 125);
    tm14 = map(tm14, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm14 = constrain(tm14, -40, 125);
    tm15 = map(tm15, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm15 = constrain(tm15, -40, 125);
    tm16 = map(tm16, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm16 = constrain(tm16, -40, 125);
    tm17 = map(tm17, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm17 = constrain(tm17, -40, 125);
    tm18 = map(tm18, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm18 = constrain(tm18, -40, 125);
    tm19 = map(tm19, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm19 = constrain(tm19, -40, 125);
    tm20 = map(tm20, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm20 = constrain(tm20, -40, 125);
    tm21 = map(tm21, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm21 = constrain(tm21, -40, 125);
    tm22 = map(tm22, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm22 = constrain(tm22, -40, 125);
    tm23 = map(tm23, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm23 = constrain(tm23, -40, 125);
    tm24 = map(tm24, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm24 = constrain(tm24, -40, 125);
    tm25 = map(tm25, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm25 = constrain(tm25, -40, 125);
    tm26 = map(tm26, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm26 = constrain(tm26, -40, 125);
    tm27 = map(tm27, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm27 = constrain(tm27, -40, 125);
    tm28 = map(tm28, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm28 = constrain(tm28, -40, 125);
    tm29 = map(tm29, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm29 = constrain(tm29, -40, 125);
    tm30 = map(tm30, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm30 = constrain(tm30, -40, 125);
    // Find the arithmetic mean and commit it to memory.
    average = (tm2 + tm3 + tm4 + tm5 + tm6 + tm7 + tm8 + tm9 + tm10 + tm11 + tm12 + tm13 + tm14 + tm15 + tm16 + tm17 + tm18 + tm19 + tm20 + tm21 + tm22 + tm23 + tm24 + tm25 + tm26 + tm27 + tm28 + tm29 + tm30) / 29;
    commitSample(i, average);

  }
  saveNetworkKnowledge(); // Save this new data to flash memory.
z:
  delay(1);
}
void commitSample (int category, uint8_t s1)
{
  // Commit to memory a single vector (the average), along with the category, which represents the hour of that data.
  uint8_t vector[1];
  vector[0] = s1;
  CuriePME.learn(vector, 1, category);
}
void loop() { // Infinitely repeats.
  /*
    This code attempts to classify the optimum temperature for watering plants, 25 Celsius, among the data learned by the PME.
    If it can classify the data, the returned category becomes the hour at which the plant will be watered.
    The data is then erased and relearned, which infinitely repeats.
    IF IT CANNOT CLASSIFY THE DATA, it will take the monthly defaults from earlier in the sketch.
  */
  uint8_t vector[1];
  vector[0] = 25;
  int answer = CuriePME.classify(vector, 1 );
  if (answer == CuriePME.noMatch)
  {
    lcd.clear();
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("NO MATCHES!");
    if (month() == 1 || month() == 2 || month() == 11 || month() == 12)
    {
      answer = 12;
    }
    else if (month() == 3 || month() == 4 || month() == 10)
    {
      answer = 14;
    }
    else if (month() == 5 || month() == 6 || month() == 9)
    {
      answer = 15;
    }
    else if (month() == 7 || month() == 8)
    {
      answer = 16;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    lcd.clear();
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("Category:");
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print(answer);
  }
  delay(3000);
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Optimization Done");
  delay(3000);
  CuriePME.forget(); // Erase and relearn. This does not erase the flash memory.
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Waiting");
  while (hour() != 8);
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Learning");
  // Learn the data again.
  for (int i = 8; i < 22; i++)
  {

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm1 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm2 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm3 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm4 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm5 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm6 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm7 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm8 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm9 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm10 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm11 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm12 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm13 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm14 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm15 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    // The time in the day at which to water the plant, as determined by the PME.
    if (hour() == answer)
    {
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Running..."); // Water the plant if it is not raining and soil moisture is low enough.
      int readRain = digitalRead(rainSensor);
      if (readRain == HIGH)
      {
        lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
        lcd.print("Raining right now.");
        goto a5;
      }
      // Uncomment to use moisture sensors.
      //else if (analogRead(humidity1) > 400 || analogRead(humidity2) > 400) // Adjust these to match your soil.
      //{
      //  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      //  lcd.print("Soil too moist.");
      //  goto a5;
      //}
      else
      {
        waterPipe.write(135);
        delay(7000); // Water for 7 seconds.
        waterPipe.write(0);
      }
      lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
      lcd.print("Done");
a5:
      delay(3000);
      lcd.clear();
      lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
      lcd.print("Learning");
    }

    delay(110000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm16 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm17 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm18 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm19 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm20 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm21 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm22 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm23 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm24 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm25 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm26 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm27 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm28 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm29 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);

    voltage = analogRead(thermometer) * 3.3;
    voltage /= 1024.0;
    temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ;
    tm = map(temperatureC, -40, 125, 0, 255);
    tm30 = constrain(tm, 0, 255);
    delay(120000);


    tm1 = map(tm1, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm1 = constrain(tm1, -40, 125);
    tm2 = map(tm2, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm2 = constrain(tm2, -40, 125);
    tm3 = map(tm3, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm3 = constrain(tm3, -40, 125);
    tm4 = map(tm4, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm4 = constrain(tm4, -40, 125);
    tm5 = map(tm5, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm5 = constrain(tm5, -40, 125);
    tm6 = map(tm6, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm6 = constrain(tm6, -40, 125);
    tm7 = map(tm7, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm7 = constrain(tm7, -40, 125);
    tm8 = map(tm8, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm8 = constrain(tm8, -40, 125);
    tm9 = map(tm9, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm9 = constrain(tm9, -40, 125);
    tm10 = map(tm10, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm10 = constrain(tm10, -40, 125);
    tm11 = map(tm11, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm11 = constrain(tm11, -40, 125);
    tm12 = map(tm12, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm12 = constrain(tm12, -40, 125);
    tm13 = map(tm13, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm13 = constrain(tm13, -40, 125);
    tm14 = map(tm14, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm14 = constrain(tm14, -40, 125);
    tm15 = map(tm15, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm15 = constrain(tm15, -40, 125);
    tm16 = map(tm16, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm16 = constrain(tm16, -40, 125);
    tm17 = map(tm17, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm17 = constrain(tm17, -40, 125);
    tm18 = map(tm18, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm18 = constrain(tm18, -40, 125);
    tm19 = map(tm19, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm19 = constrain(tm19, -40, 125);
    tm20 = map(tm20, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm20 = constrain(tm20, -40, 125);
    tm21 = map(tm21, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm21 = constrain(tm21, -40, 125);
    tm22 = map(tm22, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm22 = constrain(tm22, -40, 125);
    tm23 = map(tm23, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm23 = constrain(tm23, -40, 125);
    tm24 = map(tm24, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm24 = constrain(tm24, -40, 125);
    tm25 = map(tm25, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm25 = constrain(tm25, -40, 125);
    tm26 = map(tm26, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm26 = constrain(tm26, -40, 125);
    tm27 = map(tm27, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm27 = constrain(tm27, -40, 125);
    tm28 = map(tm28, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm28 = constrain(tm28, -40, 125);
    tm29 = map(tm29, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm29 = constrain(tm29, -40, 125);
    tm30 = map(tm30, 0, 255, -40, 125);
    tm30 = constrain(tm30, -40, 125);
    average = (tm2 + tm3 + tm4 + tm5 + tm6 + tm7 + tm8 + tm9 + tm10 + tm11 + tm12 + tm13 + tm14 + tm15 + tm16 + tm17 + tm18 + tm19 + tm20 + tm21 + tm22 + tm23 + tm24 + tm25 + tm26 + tm27 + tm28 + tm29 + tm30) / 29;
    progav = (tm30 - tm2) / 2;
    commitSample(i, average);

  }


}
/*
  A quick note on the flash memory data:
  The data will only ever be saved once; that is, it cannot be changed with this code.
  As a result, if the device loses power, IT WILL DEFAULT TO THE SETTINGS OF THE FIRST TIME IT WAS USED WHEN IT IS REACTIVATED,
  even if the monthly averages have changed.
  Keeping the device on an extra day will allow it to software obtain new averages, but the flash memory will stay the same.
  To erase flash completely, upload "EraseEverything" from "CurieSerialFlash" in the IDE.
  Then reupload this sketch to save new averages to the flash memory.
*/

void saveNetworkKnowledge()  // Code for saving to flash memory.
...

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