Intro: Measuring Time Period of a Pendulum Using IR Sensor
Step 1: Things You'll Need
Step 2: Cutting the Layout
Step 3: Attaching the Sensor Holder Plate
Step 4: Completing the Frame
Step 5: Attaching the Sensor
Step 6: Pendulum's Bob
Step 7: Circuitry
Step 8: Logic
Step 9: Code
Step 10: Conclusion

Published September 20, 2018 © CC BY

Measuring Time Period of a Pendulum Using IR Sensor

This project teaches you how to calculate the time period of a simple pendulum using an IR sensor and evive.

IntermediateFull instructions provided2 hours999

Measuring Time Period of a Pendulum Using IR Sensor

Things used in this project

Hardware components

STEMpedia evive

STEMpedia evive Starter Kit

Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE

Story

Intro: Measuring Time Period of a Pendulum Using IR Sensor

Calculating on paper is never an easy job. And when it comes to formulas with sub-formulas of their own, it is nothing short of a nightmare! Take the case of a simple pendulum, which has a variable with a formula of its own.

What if there was a way to replace these scary calculations with a simple computer program?

You guessed it right! With the help of evive, an IR sensor, a computer program, and little DIYing, you can easily find out the time period of the pendulum in a matter of seconds! So, what are you waiting for?

Let’s get into it right away!

Step 1: Things You'll Need:

evive

IR Sensor

Thick Cardboard

M3 bolts of length 20 mm X 7

M3 bolts of length 08 mm X 1

M3 nuts X 8

Male to Female Jumper Cables

You can also buy the evive Starter Kit, as the above components and even more, are found in it. Also. there are lots of projects listed on tutorials which are made with the help of it.

Step 2: Cutting the Layout

Cut out the cardboard according to the dimensions given:

1 / 5

Step 3: Attaching the Sensor Holder Plate

Take the base piece i.e, the piece of size 160 x 85 mm. Now, take the smaller piece of dimension 30 x 95 mm which holds your sensor and attach it to the base plate using M3 bolts of 20 mm and M3 nuts.

Step 4: Completing the Frame

Take the piece of size 162 x 150 mm and attach it to the base using M3 bolts of 20 mm and M3 nuts.

Similarly, take the other piece of the same size and fix it using M3 nuts and bolts to the base.

Now, take the last Acrylic piece of size 34 x 75 mm and attach it between the gaps of the two large pieces using M3 nuts and bolts. On this plate, we will be attaching the bob of the pendulum.

The base assembly is ready. All we need to attach is the Sensor and the bob which is a small weight attached to the string at its end.

Step 5: Attaching the Sensor

We will start fixing the sensor on the sensor holder plate in the vertical gap using M3 bolts of 8mm length and M3 nuts.

Step 6: Pendulum's Bob

Once it is attached, it’s time for the last part of the assembly, the bob. Bob is nothing but a small weight attached to the string at its end. The bob we used here is a 3D printed one. You can make it using any heavy material or even clay.

Now, the free end of the string is passed through the hole on the upper horizontal piece and its length is thus adjusted according to the height required.

Make sure that the pendulum always remains in the same line as that of the sensor’s LEDs.

Now, the assembly of the simple pendulum is thus complete.

Want to make more 3D printed stuff? Now, whatever you design can come to life. Own a 3D printer now!

Step 7: Circuitry

GND to GND of evive

VCC to +5V

OUT to Digital Pin 2

Step 8: Logic

Here, the IR Sensor calculates the how frequently the bob passes in front of it and thus giving us the Time-Period. Time-period changes on changing the length. Thus, here the IR Sensor successfully calculates the time-period no matter what the length is. Thus, reducing the use of pen-paper based calculation.

The formula we used to calculate on paper is:

T = 2 Π √(l / g)

where,

T = Time Period (milliseconds)

l = Length of the pendulum (measured from the centre of the bob to the end of the string) (millimeters)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

Let’s take two cases:

When l = 118 mm,

According to the formula: Time-period = 689 milliseconds

From the activity: Time-period = 689 milliseconds

When l = 91 mm,

According to the formula: Time-period = 605 millisecondsFrom the activity: Time-period = 605 milliseconds

Step 9: Code

The code for calculating the Time-period is given by the end of the project:

To know more about Arduino visit here:

https://thestempedia.com/tutorials/arduino-ide/

Step 10: Conclusion

With this, your setup to calculate the time period is complete! Watch as evive and the sensor performs their magic with the help of the code you wrote!

To explore more projects, visit: http://thestempedia.com/projects

Code

#include<evive.h>
// These pins will also work for the 1.8" TFT shield

unsigned long pretime;
unsigned long currtime;
int pin = 2;
unsigned long timePeriod;
boolean flag = true;

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(pin, INPUT);
  pretime = micros();
  tft.init(INITR_GREENTAB);              // initialize a ST7735S chip, black tab
  tft.setRotation(1);
  Serial.println("Initialized");
  tft.fillScreen(ST7735_BLACK);
    tft.drawRoundRect(20, 30, 120, 68, 10, ST7735_WHITE);
  tft.setTextColor(ST7735_WHITE);
  tft.setTextSize(1);
  tft.setCursor(48,40);
  tft.println("TIME PERIOD");
}
void loop(){
  if (digitalRead(pin) == 0)
  {
    if (flag == true)
    {
    currtime = micros();
    timePeriod = currtime-pretime;
    pretime = currtime;
    flag = !flag;
    tft.setCursor(47,65);
    tft.drawRoundRect(20, 30, 120, 68, 10, ST7735_WHITE);
      tft.setTextColor(ST7735_GREEN,ST7735_BLACK);
      tft.setTextSize(2);
      tft.print(timePeriod/1000);
      tft.print(" ms");
      tft.print(" ");
      Serial.println(timePeriod/1000);
      delay(100);
    }
    else{
      flag = !flag;
      delay(100);
    }
  }
}

Credits

STEMpedia

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Measuring Time Period of a Pendulum Using IR Sensor