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Speaking of circuit design, the most important item that can be singled out is the power supply design. After all, all electronic devices must be supported by the power supply circuit to work properly.
This time, let’s briefly introduce the design of the power supply circuit, so that ordinary people can have a general understanding of the design of the power supply.
As for the power supply, there are two main types on the market at present: linear power supply and switching power supply.
So what is the difference between these two power supplies?
The working principle of the linear power supply is to convert 220V or other AC voltage into low voltage (12V or other smaller AC AC) through a transformer, and then rectify and rectify it through a series of diodes, and convert the AC AC into a pulsating voltage.
After obtaining the pulsating voltage, it is necessary to filter the pulsating voltage, usually through a capacitor, and then convert the filtered low-voltage alternating current into DC direct current.
However, the direct current at this time is not pure enough, and there will be certain fluctuations (generally called ripples), so a Zener diode or a voltage rectification circuit is needed for correction. Finally, a relatively stable DC direct current output can be obtained.
The whole process is the principle of linear power supply.
What about switching power supplies?
Different from the process of converting high-voltage AC to low-voltage AC first, switching power supply directly converts the 220V AC input terminal into DC, and then controls the on-off of the current with the switch tube under the action of the high-frequency oscillating circuit. Form high-frequency pulse current.
Finally, with the help of an inductor (high-frequency transformer), the required stable low-voltage direct current is output.
For power supply circuit design, generally the first thing to master is the switching power supply circuit, which obtains the voltage from the household AC voltage of 220V, converts it into a DC stable voltage, and then supplies power to the main board of the electronic device. And most electronic products on the market, such as computers and mobile phones, use switching power supplies. Then there is a simple example of a switching power supply (the process of converting AC to DC is reduced).
When the switch starts to close, the 12V DC power supply, at this time the diode is cut off, the power supply starts to store energy for the inductor and capacitor, and supplies power to the load at the same time, but because the inductor current cannot change suddenly, the inductor will sense a current with the increase of the resistance value. The opposite voltage of the power supply, this inductance will offset part of the power supply voltage, so that the voltage at the load end will not reach 12V, but as time increases, the inductance offset effect will weaken, and the voltage at the load end will gradually reach 12V.
Then when the switch is off, the inductance acts as a canceller, acting as a source to power the load in order to stop the sudden change in current. Therefore, after the switch is turned off, the load still has current in a short time.
However, over time, the inductive canceling effect gradually weakens and becomes a wire that no longer supplies power.
Therefore, in this continuous process, if the time difference between the opening and closing of the switch can be controlled, and the current does not become zero, and the switch is repeated, a section of DC direct current that acts at 6V but is not particularly stable can be obtained, the effective value Pretty much close to 6V.
Therefore, in order to obtain a stable voltage, the role of the capacitor cannot be ignored.
The capacitor mainly plays the role of energy storage and filtering in this circuit. Without it, the waveform will become very sharp.
The last is the switch in the circuit. In an actual circuit, a transistor is generally used as a switch, and it can switch tens of thousands of times within 1 second.
Don't underestimate this simple switching power supply, its efficiency can reach about 90%. Among them, its main loss is the equivalent resistance of the inductance and the capacitor; the conduction voltage drop of the diode; and the conduction resistance of the transistor.
This is a simple switching power supply design. Of course, in order to meet the requirements of higher precision and more stable performance in the design of switching power supply in practical applications, the circuit will be more complicated.
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电源电路设计：详解线性电源和开关电源 </h1>
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电源电路设计：详解线性电源和开关电源<p class="article__desc" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 25px 20px; background: rgb(241, 241, 241); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 16px; line- position: relative;">本次就来简单介绍一下电源电路设计，让普通人也能对电源设计有一个大概的了解。</p><div class="article__content" deep="3" style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">说起电路设计，可以单独拎出来的特别重要的一项就是电源设计了，毕竟，所有的电子设备都必须在电源电路的支持下才能正常工作。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">那本次就来简单介绍一下电源电路设计，让普通人也能对电源设计有一个大概的了解。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">对于电源，目前市场上主要有两种类型：线性电源和开关电源。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">那么这两种电源有啥区别呢？</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">线性电源的工作原理是先将220V或其他交流电压通过<a target="_black" class="c-arti_kw oneyac_keyword" href="https://www.oneyac.com/category/1800.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(61, 70, 77); transition-duration: 0.2s; position: relative;">变压器</a>转变为低压电（12V或其他小一点的AC交流电），然后再通过一系列的二极管进行矫正和整流，并且把AC交流电变为脉动电压。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129330141_0809.jpg" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">得到脉动电压之后，就需要对脉动电压进行滤波，一般通过<a target="_black" class="c-arti_kw oneyac_keyword" href="https://www.oneyac.com/category/1207.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(61, 70, 77); transition-duration: 0.2s; position: relative;">电容</a>完成，然后将经过滤波后的低压交流电转换成<a target="_black" class="c-arti_kw oneyac_keyword" href="https://www.oneyac.com/brand/898.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(61, 70, 77); transition-duration: 0.2s; position: relative;">DC</a>直流电。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129340369_7474.jpg" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">不过，此时的直流电还不够纯净，会有一定的波动（一般叫纹波），所以还需要<a target="_black" class="c-arti_kw oneyac_keyword" href="https://www.oneyac.com/category/1211.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(61, 70, 77); transition-duration: 0.2s; position: relative;">稳压二极管</a>或者电压整流电路进行矫正。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">最后就可以得到比较稳定的DC直流电输出了。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129348619_8243.jpg" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">这整个过程的进行就是线性电源的原理了。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129357937_7999.png" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">那开关电源呢？</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">不同于线性电源要先将高压交流电转换为低压交流电这一过程，开关电源是直接将220V交流输入端转换为直流电DC，然后在高频振荡电路的作用下，用开关管控制电流的通断，形成高频脉冲电流。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">最后在电感（高频变压器）的帮助下，输出所需的稳定低压直流电。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129372946_2095.jpg" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">对于电源电路设计来说，一般首先需要掌握的就是开关电源电路，从家用交流电压220V中获取电压，转换为直流稳定电压之后，再给电子设备主板供电。并且市场上大部分的电子产品如电脑，手机都是采用的开关电源。然后就是一个简单的开关电源例子了（缩减了交流转直流的这个过程）。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">如下图所示，这是一个简单的开关电源，利用开关的不断闭合与断开，直流电的电压就会变化。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129380436_5080.png" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">比如按照0.5s闭合0.5s断开的规律，这个12V的电压就可以变为6V，实现了降压效果。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129388798_8776.png" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">那它是什么原理呢？</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">事实上，当开关刚开始闭合时，12V直流电供电，此时二极管截止，电源开始给电感和电容储能，同时给负载供电，但是因为电感电流不能突变，所以电感为了阻值电流的增加，会感应一个与电源相反的电压，这个电感会抵消一部分电源电压，使得负载端的电压达不到12V，不过随着时间的增加，电感抵消效果会减弱，负载端的电压会慢慢达到12V。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">然后当开关断开时，电感又产生了抵消作用，为了阻止电流突然变化，它会充当电源，给负载供电。所以开关断开之后，负载依然在短时间内是有电流的。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">不过随着时间推移，电感抵消作用逐渐减弱，变成一根导线，不再供电。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">所以，在这个连续的过程中，如果可以控制开关的断开和闭合时间差，在电流不变为零的情况下，反复开关，就可以得到一段在6V作用但不是特别稳定的DC直流电，有效值差不多接近6V。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">所以为了得到稳定的电压，电容的作用不可忽视。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">电容在这个电路中主要起到了储能和滤波的作用，如果没有它，波形会变得很尖锐。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><img src="https://uploadcdntech.oneyac.com/upload/tech/article/1672129410562_3313.png" title="" alt="" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">最后就是电路中的开关，在实际电路中，一般用晶体三极管来充当开关的角色，它在1秒之内就可以开关上万次。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">不要小看这个简单的开关电源，它的效率可达90%左右。其中它的主要损耗是电感，电容的等效<a target="_black" class="c-arti_kw oneyac_keyword" href="https://www.oneyac.com/category/1208.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(61, 70, 77); transition-duration: 0.2s; position: relative;">电阻</a>；二极管的导通压降；以及晶体三极管的导通电阻。 买电子元器件现货上唯样商城</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;">这就是一个简单的开关电源设计了，当然实际应用中开关电源的设计为了达到精度更高性能更稳定的等要求，电路也会更加复杂。</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px; line- text-indent: 2em;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="color: rgb(61, 70, 77); "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"></p></div> </div><!-- article-con -->
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