Step One : Designing of the Project
Step Two : Printing the PCBs
Step Three : Connecting to The Things Network and Ubidots
Connecting to TTN
Testing the connection with Arduino
Connection to Ubidots
Step Four : Final System

Team FireCrackers: Ibrahim Minthe, Gabriel Poggia, leila selkti, Youssef Skhiri

Published January 10, 2023

Connected Hive Monitoring

This project aims to monitor remotely the evolution of a bee colony, thanks to a connected system equipped with sensors of all kind.

IntermediateFull instructions provided10 hours871

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense

Seeed Studio Lora-E5

Battery, 3.7 V

Solar Pannel SOL2W

Seeed Studio Lipo Rider Pro

DHT22 Temperature Sensor

Adafruit Waterproof DS18B20 Digital temperature sensor

Seeed Studio HX711 Grove

Bosch Single point load cell H40A

Resistor 10k ohm

M5Stack Connector Grove to PIN (5pcs)

Adafruit INA219

Resistor 1k ohm

Resistor 2.21k ohm

Resistor 100k ohm

Through Hole Resistor, 20 kohm

Through Hole Resistor, 200 kohm

Capacitor 100 nF

Ceramic Disc Capacitor, 47 pF

Capacitor 10 µF

Capacitor 10 nF

Analog Devices MAX4468EKA+T

Microchip MCP1603T

Software apps and online services

Arduino IDE

KiCad

The Things Industries The Things Stack

Beep.nl

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Bantam Tools Desktop PCB Milling Machine

Soldering Station, 110 V

Hot glue gun (generic)

Drill, Screwdriver

Hair Dryer

Solder Wire, Lead Free

3D Printer (generic)

Laser cutter (generic)

Story

Since the end of the 90's, a phenomenon known as Colony Collapsse Disorder, among honey bees, has been observed. In addition, new weakening factors have appeared, such as vespa velutina (commonly called Asian hornets) and varroa (a parasite causing malformations). Climate change, the use of pesticides and the theft of hives do not help their case. This phenomenon also impacts us, because our survival depends on the survival of pollinating insects.

As part of our second year of engineering degree at Polytech Sorbonne, in Electronics and Computer Science, and in collaboration with the Plaisir Village Animation association, we have created a connected system for a beehive monitoring. Weight, temperature, humidity and luminosity data are sent through LoraWan and are processed on TTN and Beep to be shown to beekeepers.

Step One : Designing of the Project

1 / 4 • Nano 33 BLE Sense

Here are the different components of our project.

The Power module is comprised of a 3.7V, 1050maH battery, along with a solar pannel and a LiPo Rider Pro which ensures the charging of the battery through the solar pannel, and the alimentation of the system. There are also two 3.3V voltage regulators. The first one powers the system and is connected to a voltage divider, that will allow us to measure the percentage of the battery. The second one aims to limit the overall consumption of the system, by turning it on and off to shut off all the sensors that can't be shutdown through software.

The sensors included in our project are the following :

A voltage/current sensor (INA219), that will measure the level of sunlight by connecting it to the solar pannel.
Two temperature and humidity sensors (DHT22), that will measure the temperature and humidity both inside and outside of the hive.
Two or three temperature probes (DS18B20) that will measure the temperature in several places of the inside of the hive.
A weight sensor, comprised of a load cell and an amplifier (HX711), that will measure the weight of the hive.
An audio sensor, comprised of a microphone and an amplifier, that will be used to measure at which frequencies the bees are the most active.

The communication module is provided by the LoRa-E5 module, that is connected to the Arduino with the RX and TX pins. It allows the system to communicate data OTA, by using Lorawan.

Finally, the microcontroller itself (the Nano 33 BLE Sense), whose wiring with the other modules are detailed on the image provided.

You may test the system before going to the next step, by wiring it with a breadboard.

Step Two : Printing the PCBs

1 / 2 • PCB main module

The next step is to print the PCBs included with this project. Each of the connectors should be soldered with female grove connectors. They will allow an easy connection between the different sensors and the Arduino. The resistors can be replaced with SMD resistors, though they are a tad harder to solder.

Step Three : Connecting to The Things Network and Ubidots

To visualize the data, we need to send them OTA (over the air) with little to no additionnal consumption. To do so, we decided to go with the LoraWan protocol.

Connecting to TTN

Create an account on TTN: https://account.thethingsnetwork.org

To create an account on "The Things Network", you may use a disposable email address such as the one proposed by Yopmail. Yopmail, for Your Own Protection mail, is a temporary and free email address that does not require a password. You may also use your own mail address.

On the console, select "Go to application"

Create a new application "Add application"

Give it a name and click on create application.

Go to " End devices ", create a new device by clicking on " Add end device ".

For the selection of the end device, in the Brand field, select Seeed Technology, then the model " Seeed Studio lorawan Dev kit " and finally the Profile " EU_863_870 "(Or any other depending on where you are located).

For the 2nd part " Enter registration data " :

Frequency plan: Europe 863-870 MHz (SF9 for RX2 - recommended) (again, choose the most adapted one depending on your location)

AppEUI : Fill with zeros for now

DevEUI : Generate

AppKey : Generate

End device ID : what you want !

And click on the Register end device

Testing the connection with Arduino

You may test the connection to TTN with the following code. You will need to adapt the code to your own parameters, by changing the following lines with your own values : line 37, line 40, line 41 and line 42.

static char recv_buf[512];
static bool is_exist = false;
static bool is_join = false;
static int at_send_check_response(char *p_ack, int timeout_ms, char *p_cmd, ...) {
int ch;
int num = 0;
int index = 0;
int startMillis = 0;
memset(recv_buf, 0, sizeof(recv_buf));
Serial1.write(p_cmd);
delay(200);
startMillis = millis();
do {
while (Serial1.available() > 0) {
ch = Serial1.read();
recv_buf[index++] = ch;
delay(2);
}
} while (millis() - startMillis < timeout_ms);
if (strstr(recv_buf, p_ack) != NULL) {
return 1;
} else return 0;
}
void setup() {
delay(3000);
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
//début du serial1 pour la communication LoRaWAN
Serial1.begin(9600);
//connexion LoRaWAN
if (at_send_check_response("+AT: OK", 100, "AT\r\n")) {
is_exist = true;
at_send_check_response("+ID: AppEui", 1000, "AT+ID\r\n");
at_send_check_response("+MODE: LWOTAA", 1000, "AT+MODE=LWOTAA\r\n");
at_send_check_response("+DR: EU868", 1000, "AT+DR=EU868\r\n"); //change if needed
at_send_check_response("+CH: NUM", 1000, "AT+CH=NUM,0-2\r\n");
at_send_check_response("+KEY: APPKEY", 1000,
"AT+KEY=APPKEY,\"5096ECB9BD2700F2C039F5A04351B770\"\r\n"); //change with your own
at_send_check_response("+KEY: DEVEUI", 1000, "AT+ID=DEVEUI,\"ABC3E554E09DF7E6\"\r\n");//change with your own
at_send_check_response("+KEY: APPEUI", 1000, "AT+ID=APPEUI,\"0000000000000000\"\r\n");//change with your own
at_send_check_response("+CLASS: C", 1000, "AT+CLASS=A\r\n");
ret = at_send_check_response("+PORT: 8", 1000, "AT+PORT=8\r\n");
delay(200);
is_join = true;
//économie de batterie en éteignant la led PWR
digitalWrite(LED_PWR, LOW);
} else {
is_exist = false;
}
}
void loop() {
// début envoi
if (is_exist) {
int ret = 0;
if (is_join) {
ret = at_send_check_response("+JOIN: Network joined", 12000, "AT+JOIN\r\n");
if (ret) {
is_join = false;
} else {
at_send_check_response("+ID: AppEui", 1000, "AT+ID\r\n");
delay(5000);
}
} else {
char cmd[128];
sprintf(cmd, "AT+MSGHEX=%04X\r\n", 10);
at_send_check_response("ACK Received", 5000, cmd);
delay(30000);
}
} else {
delay(1000);
}
}

This code should send simply send the value 10 to TTN every 30 seconds. To visualize the data sent, you will need to go on your TTN account's console, then to "End Devices", then select your device and finally go the "Live data" tab.

Connection to Ubidots

To better visualize the data you will send, you may need to use another third-party app. Ubidots is a good free alternative, though it is limited to only 10 different data if you create a free STEM account. Here, you can follow the tutorial to add the TTN plugin to your Ubidots account. You will then need to modify the default decoder. To do so, select "Devices", then "Plugins", then click on "The Things Stack", then go to the "Decoder" tab, and copy/paste the following code :

function format_payload(args){
var ubidots_payload = {};
// Log received data for debugging purposes:
// console.log(JSON.stringify(args));
// Get RSSI and SNR variables using gateways data:
var gateways = args['uplink_message']['rx_metadata'];
for (const i in gateways) {
// Get gateway EUI and name
var gw = gateways[i];
var gw_eui = gw['gateway_ids']['eui'];
var gw_id = gw['gateway_ids']['gateway_id'];
// Build RSSI and SNR variables
ubidots_payload['rssi-' + gw_id] = {
"value": gw['rssi'],
"context": {
"channel_index": gw['channel_index'],
"channel_rssi": gw['channel_rssi'],
"gw_eui": gw_eui,
"gw_id": gw_id,
"uplink_token": gw['uplink_token']
}
}
ubidots_payload['snr-' + gw_id] = gw['snr'];
}
// Get Fcnt and Port variables:
ubidots_payload['f_cnt'] = args['uplink_message']['f_cnt'];
ubidots_payload['f_port'] = args['uplink_message']['f_port'];
// Get uplink's timestamp
ubidots_payload['timestamp'] = new Date(args['uplink_message']['received_at']).getTime();
// If you're already decoding in TTS using payload formatters,
// then uncomment the following line to use "uplink_message.decoded_payload".
// PROTIP: Make sure the incoming decoded payload is an Ubidots-compatible JSON (See https://ubidots.com/docs/hw/#sending-data)
// var decoded_payload = args['uplink_message']['decoded_payload'];
// By default, this plugin uses "uplink_message.frm_payload" and sends it to the decoding function "decodeUplink".
// For more vendor-specific decoders, check out https://github.com/TheThingsNetwork/lorawan-devices/tree/master/vendor
let bytes =  Buffer.from(args['uplink_message']['frm_payload'], 'base64');
var decoded_payload = decodeUplink(bytes)['data'];
// Merge decoded payload into Ubidots payload
Object.assign(ubidots_payload, decoded_payload);
return decoded_payload;
}
function decodeUplink(bytes) {
var decoded = {};
decoded.weight = (bytes[0]<<8 | bytes[1])/100 - 5.5;
if (decoded.weight<0) decoded.weight = 0;
decoded.temperature_DHT1 = ((bytes[2]<<24)>>16|bytes[3])/10;
decoded.lum = 5*Math.pow(10,((bytes[4]<<8|bytes[5])/100-0.4));
decoded.battery = (bytes[6]<<8|bytes[7]);
decoded.humidity_DHT1 = (bytes[8]<<8|bytes[9])/100;
decoded.temperature_Sonde1 = ((bytes[10]<<24)>>16|bytes[11])/10;
decoded.temperature_Sonde2 = ((bytes[12]<<24)>>16|bytes[13])/10;
decoded.temperature_DHT2 = ((bytes[14]<<24)>>16|bytes[15])/10;
decoded.humidity_DHT2 = ((bytes[16]<<24)>>16|bytes[17])/100;
decoded.s_bin098_146Hz = (bytes[18]<<8|bytes[19])/100;
decoded.s_bin146_195Hz = (bytes[20]<<8|bytes[21])/100;
decoded.s_bin195_244Hz = (bytes[22]<<8|bytes[23])/100;
decoded.s_bin244_293Hz = (bytes[24]<<8|bytes[25])/100;
decoded.s_bin293_342Hz = (bytes[26]<<8|bytes[27])/100;
decoded.s_bin342_391Hz = (bytes[28]<<8|bytes[29])/100;
decoded.s_bin391_439Hz = (bytes[30]<<8|bytes[31])/100;
decoded.s_bin439_488Hz = (bytes[32]<<8|bytes[33])/100;
decoded.s_bin488_537Hz = (bytes[34]<<8|bytes[35])/100;
decoded.s_bin537_586Hz = (bytes[36]<<8|bytes[37])/100;
decoded.temperature_Sonde3 = ((bytes[38]<<24)>>16|bytes[39])/10;
return {"data": decoded};
}
module.exports = { format_payload };
This code allows Ubidots to decode the data sent by TTN in human-readable data.

Step Four : Final System

Photo of our box

This final steps is the design of the box that will contain our system, to protect it from bad weather and from the bees at the same time. You may choose a box of your choosing, however, you must be able to pierce it in several places to lengthen the differents sensors that need to be outside the box, such as the temperature sensors and the humidity ones. You will then have to use some long ethernet cables to solder your sensors to, like you can see on the photo.

In order to position the various boards and PCBs, we decided to drill a POM plate using a laser engraver. Here is a sketch and the 3D model of our plate:

Sketch of the support plate

3D model of the support plate

We decided to drill lines on our plate. These lines have different spacings. By doing this, we can move our cards as we want to have a better layout or we can add new cards easily with this mechanism.

Now, all you need to do is find a hive to connect your system to, and watch in real-time the state of your bees.

Schematics

Code

code

int main(void){
init();
initVariant();

//Disabling UART0 (saves around 300-500A) - @Jul10199555 contribution
NRF_UART0->TASKS_STOPTX = 1;
NRF_UART0->TASKS_STOPRX = 1;
NRF_UART0->ENABLE = 0;

*(volatile uint32_t *)0x40002FFC = 0;
*(volatile uint32_t *)0x40002FFC;
*(volatile uint32_t *)0x40002FFC = 1; //Setting up UART registers again due to a library issue

//Removing USB CDC feature
//#if defined(SERIAL_CDC)
//  PluggableUSBD().begin();
//  SerialUSB.begin(115200);
//#endif

  setup();
  for(;;){
    loop();
//If you won't be using serial communication comment next line
//    if(arduino::serialEventRun) arduino::serialEventRun();
  }
  return 0;
}

/*!
   file getVoltageCurrentPower.ino
   SEN0291 Gravity: I2C Digital Wattmeter
   The module is connected in series between the power supply and the load to read the voltage, current and power
   The module has four I2C, these addresses are:
   INA219_I2C_ADDRESS1  0x40   A0 = 0  A1 = 0
   INA219_I2C_ADDRESS2  0x41   A0 = 1  A1 = 0
   INA219_I2C_ADDRESS3  0x44   A0 = 0  A1 = 1
   INA219_I2C_ADDRESS4  0x45   A0 = 1  A1 = 1

   Copyright    [DFRobot](https://www.dfrobot.com), 2016
   Copyright    GNU Lesser General Public License
   version  V0.1
   date  2019-2-27
*/

#include <Wire.h>
#include "DFRobot_INA219.h"

/**
 * @fn DFRobot_INA219_IIC
 * @brief pWire I2C controller pointer
 * @param i2caddr  I2C address
 * @n INA219_I2C_ADDRESS1  0x40   A0 = 0  A1 = 0
 * @n INA219_I2C_ADDRESS2  0x41   A0 = 1  A1 = 0
 * @n INA219_I2C_ADDRESS3  0x44   A0 = 0  A1 = 1
 * @n INA219_I2C_ADDRESS4  0x45   A0 = 1  A1 = 1	 
  */
DFRobot_INA219_IIC ina219(&Wire, INA219_I2C_ADDRESS4);

// Revise the following two paramters according to actula reading of the INA219 and the multimeter
// for linearly calibration
float ina219Reading_mA = 1000;
float extMeterReading_mA = 1000;

//Example data:
int data[64] = { 14, 30, 35, 34, 34, 40, 46, 45, 30, 4, -26, -48, -55, -49, -37,
                 -28, -24, -22, -13, 6, 32, 55, 65, 57, 38, 17, 1, -6, -11, -19, -34,
                 -51, -61, -56, -35, -7, 18, 32, 35, 34, 35, 41, 46, 43, 26, -2, -31, -50,
                 -55, -47, -35, -27, -24, -21, -10, 11, 37, 58, 64, 55, 34, 13, -1, -7 };
byte sine_data[91] = {
  0,
  4, 9, 13, 18, 22, 27, 31, 35, 40, 44,
  49, 53, 57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 79, 83, 87,
  91, 96, 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 127,
  131, 135, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 157, 160, 164,
  167, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 195,  //Paste this at top of program
  198, 201, 204, 206, 209, 211, 214, 216, 219, 221,
  223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 240,
  241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
  252, 253, 253, 254, 254, 254, 255, 255, 255, 255
};

float amp[1024];
float freq[1024];
float s_bin098_146Hz = 0;
float s_bin146_195Hz = 0;
float s_bin195_244Hz = 0;
float s_bin244_293Hz = 0;
float s_bin293_342Hz = 0;
float s_bin342_391Hz = 0;
float s_bin391_439Hz = 0;
float s_bin439_488Hz = 0;
float s_bin488_537Hz = 0;
float s_bin537_586Hz = 0;
int j_bin098_146Hz = 0;
int j_bin146_195Hz = 0;
int j_bin195_244Hz = 0;
int j_bin244_293Hz = 0;
int j_bin293_342Hz = 0;
int j_bin342_391Hz = 0;
int j_bin391_439Hz = 0;
int j_bin439_488Hz = 0;
int j_bin488_537Hz = 0;
int j_bin537_586Hz = 0;
int size = 0;
// DHT Temperature & Humidity Sensor
// Unified Sensor Library Example
// Written by Tony DiCola for Adafruit Industries
// Released under an MIT license.

// REQUIRES the following Arduino libraries:
// - DHT Sensor Library: https://github.com/adafruit/DHT-sensor-library
// - Adafruit Unified Sensor Lib: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Sensor

#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
#include <DHT.h>
#include <DHT_U.h>
#include "HX711.h"
#define MAXIMWIRE_EXTERNAL_PULLUP

#include <MaximWire.h>

#define PIN_BUS 9

MaximWire::Bus bus(PIN_BUS);
MaximWire::DS18B20 device;
// HX711 circuit wiring
const int LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN = 3;
const int LOADCELL_SCK_PIN = 5;

HX711 scale;
#define DHTPIN D11  // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor
#define DHTPIN2 D7
// Feather HUZZAH ESP8266 note: use pins 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 or 14 --
// Pin 15 can work but DHT must be disconnected during program upload.

// Uncomment the type of sensor in use:
//#define DHTTYPE    DHT11     // DHT 11
#define DHTTYPE DHT22  // DHT 22 (AM2302)
//#define DHTTYPE    DHT21     // DHT 21 (AM2301)
#define T 64

// See guide for details on sensor wiring and usage:
//   https://learn.adafruit.com/dht/overview

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
DHT dht2(DHTPIN2, DHTTYPE);

static char recv_buf[512];
static bool is_exist = false;
static bool is_join = false;
static int led = 0;
int ret = 0;
float tmp = 20;
float hum = 50;
float tmp2 = 20;
float hum2 = 50;
short batterie = 0;
float poids = 0.0;
float voltage = 0.0;
float temp[3];
char cpt = 0;
static int at_send_check_response(char *p_ack, int timeout_ms, char *p_cmd, ...) {
  int ch;
  int num = 0;
  int index = 0;
  int startMillis = 0;
  memset(recv_buf, 0, sizeof(recv_buf));
  Serial1.write(p_cmd);
  delay(200);
  startMillis = millis();
  do {
    while (Serial1.available() > 0) {
      ch = Serial1.read();
      recv_buf[index++] = ch;
      delay(2);
    }
  } while (millis() - startMillis < timeout_ms);
  if (strstr(recv_buf, p_ack) != NULL) {
    return 1;
  } else return 0;
}
void setup() {
  delay(3000);
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  //dbut du serial1 pour la communication LoRaWAN
  Serial1.begin(9600);

  //connexion I2C pour l'intensit du panneau solaire
  int cptINA = 0;
  while (ina219.begin() != true) {
    delay(2000);
    cptINA++;
    if (cptINA == 5) break;
  }
  ina219.linearCalibrate(ina219Reading_mA, extMeterReading_mA);

  //connexion LoRaWAN
  if (at_send_check_response("+AT: OK", 100, "AT\r\n")) {
    is_exist = true;
    at_send_check_response("+ID: AppEui", 1000, "AT+ID\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+MODE: LWOTAA", 1000, "AT+MODE=LWOTAA\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+DR: EU868", 1000, "AT+DR=EU868\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+CH: NUM", 1000, "AT+CH=NUM,0-2\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+KEY: APPKEY", 1000,
                           "AT+KEY=APPKEY,\"5096ECB9BD2700F2C039F5A04351B770\"\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+KEY: DEVEUI", 1000, "AT+ID=DEVEUI,\"ABC3E554E09DF7E6\"\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+KEY: APPEUI", 1000, "AT+ID=APPEUI,\"0000000000000000\"\r\n");
    at_send_check_response("+CLASS: C", 1000, "AT+CLASS=A\r\n");
    ret = at_send_check_response("+PORT: 8", 1000, "AT+PORT=8\r\n");
    delay(200);
    is_join = true;
    //conomie de batterie en teignant la led PWR
    digitalWrite(LED_PWR, LOW);
  } else {
    is_exist = false;
  }

  digitalWrite(PIN_ENABLE_SENSORS_3V3, HIGH);  //PIN_ENABLE_I2C_PULLUP - @pert contribution
  digitalWrite(PIN_ENABLE_I2C_PULLUP, HIGH);   //PIN_ENABLE_SENSORS_3V3 - @pert contribution
  // setup du capteur hum/temp
  dht.begin();
  // setup du capteur poids
  scale.begin(LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN, LOADCELL_SCK_PIN);
  scale.set_scale(28395.61);
  dht2.begin();
}

int delay_min = 10;
void loop() {
  //FFT du son

  //acquisition du micro
  getS();

  //capteur T/H
  getTH();

  //capteur de poids
  getP();

  //capteur de voltage
  getINA();

  //mesure niveau batterie
  getB();

  // capteurs T
  getT();

  // dbut envoi
  if (is_exist) {
    int ret = 0;
    if (is_join) {
      ret = at_send_check_response("+JOIN: Network joined", 12000, "AT+JOIN\r\n");
      if (ret) {
        is_join = false;
      } else {
        at_send_check_response("+ID: AppEui", 1000, "AT+ID\r\n");
        delay(5000);
      }
    } else {
      char cmd[128];
      sprintf(cmd, "AT+MSGHEX=%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X%04X\r\n", (short)(poids*100), (short)(tmp*10) & 0xffff, short(voltage * 100), (batterie), short(hum * 100), (short)(temp[0]*10) & 0xffff, (short)(temp[1]*10)& 0xffff,(short)(tmp2*10)& 0xffff, short(hum2 * 100), (short)(100 * s_bin098_146Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin146_195Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin195_244Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin244_293Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin293_342Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin342_391Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin391_439Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin439_488Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin488_537Hz), (short)(100 * s_bin537_586Hz), (short)(temp[2]*10)& 0xffff);
      at_send_check_response("ACK Received", 5000, cmd);
      char *downlink = strstr(recv_buf, "\"");
      downlink = strtok(downlink, "\"");
      int temp;
      if (downlink && strlen(downlink)<=3) temp = strtol(downlink, NULL, 16);
      if (temp >= 1 && temp<=60) delay_min = temp;
      delay(delay_min*60000);
      //delay(10000);
    }
  } else {
    delay(1000);
  }
}














void getS(){
  int tab[T];
  for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
    tab[i] = analogRead(A0);
    delayMicroseconds(500);
  }
  Q_FFT(tab, T, 2000);
}

//-----------------------------FFT Function----------------------------------------------//
/*
Code to perform High speed (5-7 times faster) and low accuracy FFT on arduino,
This code compromises accuracy for speed,
setup:

1. in[]     : Data array, 
2. N        : Number of sample (recommended sample size 2,4,8,16,32,64,128...)
3. Frequency: sampling frequency required as input (Hz)

It will by default return frequency with max aplitude,

If sample size is not in power of 2 it will be clipped to lower side of number. 
i.e, for 150 number of samples, code will consider first 128 sample, remaining sample  will be omitted.
For Arduino nano, FFT of more than 256 sample not possible due to mamory limitation 
Code by ABHILASH
Contact: abhilashpatel121@gmail.com 
Documentation & deatails: https://www.instructables.com/member/abhilash_patel/instructables/
*/
float Q_FFT(int in[], int N, float Frequency) {

  unsigned int Pow2[13] = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 };  // declaring this as global array will save 1-2 ms of time


  int a, c1, f, o, x;
  byte check = 0;
  a = N;

  for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)  //calculating the levels
  {
    if (Pow2[i] <= a) { o = i; }
  }

  int out_r[Pow2[o]] = {};   //real part of transform
  int out_im[Pow2[o]] = {};  //imaginory part of transform

  x = 0;
  for (int b = 0; b < o; b++)  // bit reversal
  {
    c1 = Pow2[b];
    f = Pow2[o] / (c1 + c1);
    for (int j = 0; j < c1; j++) {
      x = x + 1;
      out_im[x] = out_im[j] + f;
    }
  }


  for (int i = 0; i < Pow2[o]; i++)  // update input array as per bit reverse order
  {
    out_r[i] = in[out_im[i]];
    out_im[i] = 0;
  }


  int i10, i11, n1, tr, ti;
  float e;
  int c, s;
  for (int i = 0; i < o; i++)  //fft
  {
    i10 = Pow2[i];                // overall values of sine/cosine
    i11 = Pow2[o] / Pow2[i + 1];  // loop with similar sine cosine
    e = 360 / Pow2[i + 1];
    e = 0 - e;
    n1 = 0;

    for (int j = 0; j < i10; j++) {
      c = e * j;
      while (c < 0) { c = c + 360; }
      while (c > 360) { c = c - 360; }

      n1 = j;

      for (int k = 0; k < i11; k++) {

        if (c == 0) {
          tr = out_r[i10 + n1];
          ti = out_im[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c == 90) {
          tr = -out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = out_r[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c == 180) {
          tr = -out_r[i10 + n1];
          ti = -out_im[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c == 270) {
          tr = out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = -out_r[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c == 360) {
          tr = out_r[i10 + n1];
          ti = out_im[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c > 0 && c < 90) {
          tr = out_r[i10 + n1] - out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = out_im[i10 + n1] + out_r[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c > 90 && c < 180) {
          tr = -out_r[i10 + n1] - out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = -out_im[i10 + n1] + out_r[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c > 180 && c < 270) {
          tr = -out_r[i10 + n1] + out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = -out_im[i10 + n1] - out_r[i10 + n1];
        } else if (c > 270 && c < 360) {
          tr = out_r[i10 + n1] + out_im[i10 + n1];
          ti = out_im[i10 + n1] - out_r[i10 + n1];
        }

        out_r[n1 + i10] = out_r[n1] - tr;
        out_r[n1] = out_r[n1] + tr;
        if (out_r[n1] > 15000 || out_r[n1] < -15000) { check = 1; }

        out_im[n1 + i10] = out_im[n1] - ti;
        out_im[n1] = out_im[n1] + ti;
        if (out_im[n1] > 15000 || out_im[n1] < -15000) { check = 1; }

        n1 = n1 + i10 + i10;
      }
    }

    if (check == 1) {  // scale the matrics if value higher than 15000 to prevent varible from overloading
      for (int i = 0; i < Pow2[o]; i++) {
        out_r[i] = out_r[i] / 100;
        out_im[i] = out_im[i] / 100;
      }
      check = 0;
    }
  }

  //---> here onward out_r contains amplitude and our_in conntains frequency (Hz)
  int fout, fm, fstp;
  float fstep;
  fstep = Frequency / N;
  fstp = fstep;
  fout = 0;
  fm = 0;

  for (int i = 1; i < Pow2[o - 1]; i++)  // getting amplitude from compex number
  {
    if ((out_r[i] >= 0) && (out_im[i] >= 0)) {
      out_r[i] = out_r[i] + out_im[i];
    } else if ((out_r[i] <= 0) && (out_im[i] <= 0)) {
      out_r[i] = -out_r[i] - out_im[i];
    } else if ((out_r[i] >= 0) && (out_im[i] <= 0)) {
      out_r[i] = out_r[i] - out_im[i];
    } else if ((out_r[i] <= 0) && (out_im[i] >= 0)) {
      out_r[i] = -out_r[i] + out_im[i];
    }
    // to find peak sum of mod of real and imaginery part are considered to increase speed

    out_im[i] = out_im[i - 1] + fstp;
    if (fout < out_r[i]) {
      fm = i;
      fout = out_r[i];
    }
    amp[i] = out_r[i];
    freq[i] = out_im[i];
    size = Pow2[o - 1];
    /*
         Serial.print(out_im[i]);Serial.print("Hz");
         Serial.print("\t");                            // un comment to print freuency bin    
         Serial.println(out_r[i]); 
          */
  }
  s_bin098_146Hz = 0;
  s_bin146_195Hz = 0;
  s_bin195_244Hz = 0;
  s_bin244_293Hz = 0;
  s_bin293_342Hz = 0;
  s_bin342_391Hz = 0;
  s_bin391_439Hz = 0;
  s_bin439_488Hz = 0;
  s_bin488_537Hz = 0;
  s_bin537_586Hz = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    if (freq[i] >= 98 && freq[i] < 146) {
      s_bin098_146Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin098_146Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 146 && freq[i] < 195) {
      s_bin146_195Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin146_195Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 195 && freq[i] < 244) {
      s_bin195_244Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin195_244Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 244 && freq[i] < 293) {
      s_bin244_293Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin244_293Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 293 && freq[i] < 342) {
      s_bin293_342Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin293_342Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 342 && freq[i] < 391) {
      s_bin342_391Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin342_391Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 391 && freq[i] < 439) {
      s_bin391_439Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin391_439Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 439 && freq[i] < 488) {
      s_bin439_488Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin439_488Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 488 && freq[i] < 537) {
      s_bin488_537Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin488_537Hz++;
    } else if (freq[i] >= 537 && freq[i] < 586) {
      s_bin537_586Hz += amp[i];
      j_bin537_586Hz++;
    }
  }
  /*if (j_bin098_146Hz) s_bin098_146Hz /= j_bin098_146Hz;
  if (j_bin146_195Hz) s_bin146_195Hz /= j_bin146_195Hz;
  if (j_bin195_244Hz) s_bin195_244Hz /= j_bin195_244Hz;
  if (j_bin244_293Hz) s_bin244_293Hz /= j_bin244_293Hz;
  if (j_bin293_342Hz) s_bin293_342Hz /= j_bin293_342Hz;
  if (j_bin342_391Hz) s_bin342_391Hz /= j_bin342_391Hz;
  if (j_bin391_439Hz) s_bin391_439Hz /= j_bin391_439Hz;
  if (j_bin439_488Hz) s_bin439_488Hz /= j_bin439_488Hz;
  if (j_bin488_537Hz) s_bin488_537Hz /= j_bin488_537Hz;
  if (j_bin537_586Hz) s_bin537_586Hz /= j_bin537_586Hz;*/


  float fa, fb, fc;
  fa = out_r[fm - 1];
  fb = out_r[fm];
  fc = out_r[fm + 1];
  fstep = (fa * (fm - 1) + fb * fm + fc * (fm + 1)) / (fa + fb + fc);

  return (fstep * Frequency / N);
}

void getTH(){
  //capteur de Temp/Hum
  tmp = dht.readTemperature();
  hum = dht.readHumidity();
  delay(1000);
  //deuxieme capteur T/H
  tmp2 = dht2.readTemperature();
  hum2 = dht2.readHumidity();
}

void getT(){
  MaximWire::Discovery discovery = bus.Discover();
  do {
    MaximWire::Address address;
    if (discovery.FindNextDevice(address)) {
      if (address.GetModelCode() == MaximWire::DS18B20::MODEL_CODE) {
        MaximWire::DS18B20 device(address);
        temp[cpt] = device.GetTemperature<float>(bus);
        device.Update(bus);
      }
    }
    if (cpt == 2) cpt = 0;
    else cpt++;
  } while (discovery.HaveMore());
}

void getINA(){
  ina219.setMode(ina219.eIna219SAndBVolCon);
  delay(1000);
  voltage = ina219.getBusVoltage_V();
  //voltage = ina219.getPower_mW()/(0.180*0.180);
  ina219.setMode(ina219.eIna219PowerDown);

}

void getP(){
  scale.power_up();
  poids = scale.get_units(2);
  if (poids<0) poids = 0;
  scale.power_down();  //capteur en mode repos
}

void getB(){
  batterie = (short)(analogRead(A7) * 100 * 3.3 / (2.1 * 1023));  //en %
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//

Connected Hive Monitoring

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Story

Step One : Designing of the Project

Step Two : Printing the PCBs

Step Three : Connecting to The Things Network and Ubidots

Connecting to TTN

Testing the connection with Arduino

Connection to Ubidots

Step Four : Final System

Custom parts and enclosures

Schematic main module

PCB main module

Schematic audio module

PCB audio module

Schematics

PCB audio

PCB main module

Schema audio

Schema main module

Code

code

Credits

Ibrahim Minthe

Gabriel Poggia

leila selkti

Youssef Skhiri

Comments

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Connected Hive Monitoring

Connected Hive Monitoring

Things used in this project

Hardware components

Software apps and online services

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Story

Step One : Designing of the Project

Step Two : Printing the PCBs

Step Three : Connecting to The Things Network and Ubidots

Connecting to TTN

Testing the connection with Arduino

Connection to Ubidots

Step Four : Final System

Custom parts and enclosures

Schematic main module

PCB main module

Schematic audio module

PCB audio module

Schematics

PCB audio

PCB main module

Schema audio

Schema main module

Code

code

Credits

Ibrahim Minthe

Gabriel Poggia

leila selkti

Youssef Skhiri

Comments

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